Super notes for pharmacology

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacology:- The complete all about of the study of drug. The drug effect on the body & body effect on the drug
is called pharmacology
Drug is a active chemical, which is used in the treatment of diagnosis, prevention & treatment of disease.
Pharmacodyanamics:- Pharmacodyanamics is a study of drug effect on the body.
Pharmacokinetics:- pharmacokinetics is a study of body effect on the drug.
Toxicology:- toxicology is a study of detection, prevention & treatment of poisonous effect of drug.
Chemotherapy:- chemotherapy is a study of active chemical used in the treatment of infections.
Clinical Pharmacology: The scientific study of drug on man.
Pharmacotherapeutics: The study of use of drug for prevention and treatment of disease.
Drug: the single active chemical entity, now present in raw material form & not convert into dosage form that is
use for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease.
Medicine: The complex form of active chemical & excipients, also converted into dosage form that is use for
diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease.
 The father of pharmacology is Oswald schmiedberg.
 The father of Indian pharmacology is Ramnath chopda.




Source of drug

Natural source
 Plants: e.g. morphine, atropine, digoxin, quinine
 Animals: e.g. Insulin, heparin, thyroid extract
 Minerals: e.g. kaolin, iron, sulphur, radioactive isotopes
 Marine: e.g. shark liver oil, cod liver oil
 Microorganism: e.g.
Penicillin, Cephalosporin-------fungi
Polymyxin-B, bacitracin, colistin-------bacteria
 Human: e.g. immunoglobulin, growth hormone, chorionic gonadotrophins

Synthetic source
1.Cell culture tech. Example-Urokinase by cultured human kidney cell
2.Recombinant DNA tech. Example- Human, insulin
3.Hybridoma tech. Example- Monoclonal antibody.

, Route of drug administration
Route of drug administration:- Pathway of entry of drug upon & into the body to achieve the pharmacological
action of drug.

Classification of Route of drug administration




Oral route Topical route




Injections Inhalation Transdermal Transmucosal
Intradermal Adhesive unit Sublingual
Subcutaneous Inunction Nasal
Intramuscular Iontophoresis Rectal
Intravenous Jet-injection
Intraperitoneal
Intra-arterial
Intra-thecal
Intra-articular
Intra-medullary



Intradermal route :- drug is injected into dermis layer of skin at 15o angle. Example:- test of allergy & BCG.
Advantages:-
 This route is preferred for diagnosis process.
 Avoid first pass metabolism.
 Drug is not metabolized through gastric juice.

Disadvantage:-
 Small quantity can be administered.
 Painful.
 Self medication not possible.
 Required of assistant.


Subcutaneous route :- drug is injected into subcutaneous tissue of skin at 450 angle. Example:- insulin & heparin
Advantages:-
 Duration of drug action is prolonged.
 Avoid first pass metabolism.
 Drug is not metabolized through gastric juice.

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,Disadvantage:-
 Absorption of drug is slow.
 Painful.
 Self medication not possible.
 Required of assistant.
 Irritant drugs are not used.
 This route is not preferred to shock patient.


Intramuscular route:- drug is injected into muscular tissue like a triceps, deltoids, gluteus maximus & rectus
femoral. The volume of drug not more then 10ml.
Advantages:-
 Drug is injected into muscle at 90o angle.
 Avoid first pass metabolism.
 Drug is not metabolized through gastric juice.
 Mild irritant drug are used.

Disadvantage:-
 Painful.
 Self medication not possible.
 Required of assistant.


Intravenous route:- drug is injected into veins at the 0o angle. Large volume of drug are injected by this route.
Advantages:-
 Fastest route
 Useful in emergency condition.
 Drug action is fast.
 Low dose effective
 Irritant drugs are given by this route.
 Bioavailability is 100%.
 This route is useful in unconscious/uncooperative patient.
 This route is useful in recurrent vomiting patient.
 Avoid first pass metabolism.
 Drug is not metabolized through gastric juice.

Disadvantage:-
 It is inconvenient route.
 It is Costly route.
 Self medication is not possible.
 Requirement of assistance.
 Withdrawal of drugs are not possible.
 Possibilities of entry of Infection.
 Pyrogenic reaction.
 Tissue damage.
 Painful route.


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, Intra-arterial route:- Drug is injected directly in to the arteries.
Intra-medullary route:- Drug is injected into bone marrow.
Intra-articular:- drug is injected directly into a joint for the treatment of arthritis & other disease of joints.
Intra-thecal route:- drug is injected into subarachnoid space for action on CNS.


Inhalation route:- Drugs are administered through breathing in the form of vapour & gas.
Advantages:-
 Fasted route ( becoz targeted medicines are administered)
 Antiasthmatic drugs & Volatile General anesthetics drug are given by this route
 No first pass metabolism
 Drugs do not metabolize through acid.
 Self medication is possible
 Not required assistance.

Disadvantage :-
 This route is expensive.
 Medical device are used in this route (nebulizer).
 Some drugs are cause the respiratory secretion.


Trans mucosal route:- Drugs are absorbed across the mucous membranes.
1. Sublingual route:- drug is placed under the tongue. It dissolves in saliva & absorbed across the sublingual
mucosa.
Advantages :-
 This route is useful for angina pectoris.
 Fast action of medicament.
 No first pass metabolism
 The drug is not metabolized through gastric juice.
 Not required assistance
 Self medication is possible.

Disadvantages :-
 Not suitable for large dose.
 Some drug cause irritation in Buccal mucosa.
 Excessive salivation cause.

Nasal route:- drugs can be administered into nasal cavity by instillation process.
Advantages:-
 This route is preferred to nasal block / nasal irritation.
 Nasal decongestant drugs are given by this route.
 Self medication possible
 Not required assistant.
 Avoid first pass metabolism
 Drug is not metabolized through gastric juice.
Disadvantage
 Nasal irritation cause.

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