UPSC Polity Notes – Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35)
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📌 Introduction
Part III of the Constitution (Articles 12–35) guarantees Fundamental Rights to all citizens.
Inspired by the American Bill of Rights.
Called the “Magna Carta of India” by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
Enforceable by courts – protected under Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies).
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🔹 Article 12 – Definition
Defines the State: Includes
1. Government & Parliament of India
2. Government & Legislature of States
3. Local Authorities (Panchayats, Municipalities)
4. Other authorities under Government control
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🔹 Article 13 – Laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
Any law violating Fundamental Rights is void.
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📌 Introduction
Part III of the Constitution (Articles 12–35) guarantees Fundamental Rights to all citizens.
Inspired by the American Bill of Rights.
Called the “Magna Carta of India” by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
Enforceable by courts – protected under Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies).
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🔹 Article 12 – Definition
Defines the State: Includes
1. Government & Parliament of India
2. Government & Legislature of States
3. Local Authorities (Panchayats, Municipalities)
4. Other authorities under Government control
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🔹 Article 13 – Laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
Any law violating Fundamental Rights is void.
