NURS 611 Detailed Notes 2025
immunoglobulin associated with asthma
IgE
causes of pre-renal AKI
hypo-perfusion
BUN is higher than plasma creatinine since urea is still reabsorbed
no damage to the kidneys, reversible
ex: dehydration, severe blood loss, heart failure, cirrhosis, sepsis
a patient has HTN and CKD, spilling out albumin out but have a normal GFR, what kidney
failure stage are they in?
CKD stage 1
characteristics of PCOS
no single factor to cause
most common cause of anovulation, ovulatory dysfunction, and infertility
excess androgens
ovarian follicles do not develop normally
insulin resistance --> glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia result
-aggravate the hyperandrogenic state
endometriosis
ectopic functional endometrial tissue
-responds to hormonal fluctuations
common sites: pelvic peritoneum, ovaries
symptoms may vary but commonly include pain and infertility
responds to the hormones of the normal menstrual cycle except that the ectopic tissue does
not respond to progesterone --> bleeding occurs ectopically --> inflammatory cascade activation
--> can end up with fibrotic changes and scarring causing adhesions, infertility, and pain
HPV
known to cause cervical cancer
transmission via contact of surfaces of infected tissues or fluids after epithelial trauma --> basal
cells of the epithelium are infected --> the HPV virus uses the cell's nuclear DNA to either cause
increased growth that is noncancerous (warts) or uncontrolled growth (cancer)
some can clear the infection, others cannot
, smoking increases risks of persistent infection and later development of cervical cancer
infection with high-risk HPV is a necessary precursor to development of precancerous dysplasia
of the cervix leading to invasive cancer
what is the condition of the urethral meatus when located on the ventral portion of the
penis?
hypospadias
what type of renal injury can occur in BPH
post-renal
obstructive uropathy
pulmonary embolism findings
partial or full obstruction of the pulmonary artery
infarction of pulmonary tissue can occur
vasoconstriction-->decreased blood flow to the tissues --> with an increase in pulmonary artery
pressures --> overload the right ventricle --> RV failure
V/Q mismatch occurs at the affected lung tissue along with a decrease in surfactant production
pulmonary embolism symptoms
hypoxemia
dysrhythmias
chest pain
dyspnea
tachypnea
tachycardia
panic feeling
coughing up blood
elevated dimer
causes of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomerulus that occurs due to injury at the glomerulus
immune-mediated
secondary causes: systemic infection
lung cancer associated with tobacco use
small cell lung cancer
what makes PCOS worse?
immunoglobulin associated with asthma
IgE
causes of pre-renal AKI
hypo-perfusion
BUN is higher than plasma creatinine since urea is still reabsorbed
no damage to the kidneys, reversible
ex: dehydration, severe blood loss, heart failure, cirrhosis, sepsis
a patient has HTN and CKD, spilling out albumin out but have a normal GFR, what kidney
failure stage are they in?
CKD stage 1
characteristics of PCOS
no single factor to cause
most common cause of anovulation, ovulatory dysfunction, and infertility
excess androgens
ovarian follicles do not develop normally
insulin resistance --> glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia result
-aggravate the hyperandrogenic state
endometriosis
ectopic functional endometrial tissue
-responds to hormonal fluctuations
common sites: pelvic peritoneum, ovaries
symptoms may vary but commonly include pain and infertility
responds to the hormones of the normal menstrual cycle except that the ectopic tissue does
not respond to progesterone --> bleeding occurs ectopically --> inflammatory cascade activation
--> can end up with fibrotic changes and scarring causing adhesions, infertility, and pain
HPV
known to cause cervical cancer
transmission via contact of surfaces of infected tissues or fluids after epithelial trauma --> basal
cells of the epithelium are infected --> the HPV virus uses the cell's nuclear DNA to either cause
increased growth that is noncancerous (warts) or uncontrolled growth (cancer)
some can clear the infection, others cannot
, smoking increases risks of persistent infection and later development of cervical cancer
infection with high-risk HPV is a necessary precursor to development of precancerous dysplasia
of the cervix leading to invasive cancer
what is the condition of the urethral meatus when located on the ventral portion of the
penis?
hypospadias
what type of renal injury can occur in BPH
post-renal
obstructive uropathy
pulmonary embolism findings
partial or full obstruction of the pulmonary artery
infarction of pulmonary tissue can occur
vasoconstriction-->decreased blood flow to the tissues --> with an increase in pulmonary artery
pressures --> overload the right ventricle --> RV failure
V/Q mismatch occurs at the affected lung tissue along with a decrease in surfactant production
pulmonary embolism symptoms
hypoxemia
dysrhythmias
chest pain
dyspnea
tachypnea
tachycardia
panic feeling
coughing up blood
elevated dimer
causes of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomerulus that occurs due to injury at the glomerulus
immune-mediated
secondary causes: systemic infection
lung cancer associated with tobacco use
small cell lung cancer
what makes PCOS worse?
