NU 545 UNIT 3 | 2025-2026 LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED
A+
1. How are water-soluble hormones transported?: Water-soluble hormones are
proteins that are polarized with a high molecular weight. Because they cannot
diffuse across the lipid cell plasma membrane, they must interact or bind with
receptors in or on the cell membrane to activate a second-messenger to mediate
short-acting responses.
2. How are lipid-soluble hormones transported?: Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse
freely across the cell and nuclear membrane and bind with cytosolic or nuclear
receptors. (can also bind with receptors in or on the plasma membrane)
3. know how protein hormones are transported in the blood: peptide or protein
hormones are water-soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms
4. why do water soluble hormones have a short half-life?: because they are
catabolized by circulating enzymes. Remember they are unbound.
5. How long can lipid-soluble hormones remain in the blood?: For hours to
days. They last longer in the blood because they are bound to carrier/transport
proteins.
,6. only free hormones can do what?: initiate changes within a target cell
7. How does the concentration of binding proteins affect the concentration of
free hormones in the plasma?: because equilibrium exists between the
concentration of free hormones and hormones bound to plasma proteins
8. What are the two main functions of the target cell hormone receptor?: 1. To
recognize and bind with high affinity to their particular hormones
2. To initiate a signal to appropriate intracellular effectors
*when a hormone is released into the circulatory system, it is distributed throughout
the body, but only those cells with appropriate hormone receptors for that hormone
are affected.
9. what is oxytocin?: a polypeptide hormone synthesized in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is implicated in behavior
responses, especially in women. Oxytocin plays a role in brain responsiveness
to stressful stimuli, especially in the pregnant and postpartum states.
10. How does oxytocin relate to the pituitary gland?: the posterior pituitary
stores and secretes oxytocin.
,Once synthesized, oxytocin is packaged in secretory vesicles along with its
neurophysin and moved down the axons of the pituitary stalk to the pars nervosa
for storage.
11. Release of oxytocin is mediated by what?: cholinergic and adrenergic
neurotransmitters. the major stimulus for release is glutamate.
12. Where is oxytocin secreted and what are its effects?: it is secreted from the
posterior pituitary. Oxytocin is responsible for the contraction of the uterus and
milk ejection in lactating women and may affect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin
is released in response to suckling (oxytocin binds to receptors on myoepithelia
cells in the mammary tissue and cause contraction causing milk expression or
let down reflex) and distention of the uterus (oxytocin stimulates contractions
with a positive feedback loop).
13. Where is ADH secreted?: ADH is produced in the hypothalmus and secreted
by the posterior pituitary. ADH and the posterior pituitary regulate osmolality.
14. Where does ADH act?: ADH acts on vasopressin (V2) receptors of the renal
tubular cells to increase their permeability, which leads to increased water
absorption in the blood stream, increasing the concentration of urine and
reducing serum osmolality.
, 15. what causes ADH to be secreted?: when plasma osmolality increases, the
osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus are stimulated- the rate of ADH secretion i
increased causing more water to be absorbed by the kidneys- the plasma
osmolality returns to its set point (280 mOsm/kg)
16. How does ADH effect electrolytes?: ADH does not directly effect electrolytes
but due to the dilutional effect of increasing water absorption, serum electrolyte
may decrease
17. How does the body detect volume loss in order to stimulate receptors to
release ADH?: Baroreceptors in the L Atrium, carotid arteries, and aortic arch
detect changes in intravascular volume. Once a volume loss of 7-25% is
detected, receptors are stimulated.
18. What can cause secretion of ADH?: stress, trauma, pain, exercise, nausea,
nicotine, exposure to heat, and drugs (morphine)
19. when does ADH secretion decrease?: when plasma osmolality
decreases/returns to normal, intravascular volume increases, with HTN, an
increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II, and alcohol ingestion.
20. How does ADH affect blood pressure?: ADH acts on vasopressin (V1)
receptors which cause vasoconstriction, - increasing blood pressure
21. What is the target tissue and action of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED
A+
1. How are water-soluble hormones transported?: Water-soluble hormones are
proteins that are polarized with a high molecular weight. Because they cannot
diffuse across the lipid cell plasma membrane, they must interact or bind with
receptors in or on the cell membrane to activate a second-messenger to mediate
short-acting responses.
2. How are lipid-soluble hormones transported?: Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse
freely across the cell and nuclear membrane and bind with cytosolic or nuclear
receptors. (can also bind with receptors in or on the plasma membrane)
3. know how protein hormones are transported in the blood: peptide or protein
hormones are water-soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms
4. why do water soluble hormones have a short half-life?: because they are
catabolized by circulating enzymes. Remember they are unbound.
5. How long can lipid-soluble hormones remain in the blood?: For hours to
days. They last longer in the blood because they are bound to carrier/transport
proteins.
,6. only free hormones can do what?: initiate changes within a target cell
7. How does the concentration of binding proteins affect the concentration of
free hormones in the plasma?: because equilibrium exists between the
concentration of free hormones and hormones bound to plasma proteins
8. What are the two main functions of the target cell hormone receptor?: 1. To
recognize and bind with high affinity to their particular hormones
2. To initiate a signal to appropriate intracellular effectors
*when a hormone is released into the circulatory system, it is distributed throughout
the body, but only those cells with appropriate hormone receptors for that hormone
are affected.
9. what is oxytocin?: a polypeptide hormone synthesized in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is implicated in behavior
responses, especially in women. Oxytocin plays a role in brain responsiveness
to stressful stimuli, especially in the pregnant and postpartum states.
10. How does oxytocin relate to the pituitary gland?: the posterior pituitary
stores and secretes oxytocin.
,Once synthesized, oxytocin is packaged in secretory vesicles along with its
neurophysin and moved down the axons of the pituitary stalk to the pars nervosa
for storage.
11. Release of oxytocin is mediated by what?: cholinergic and adrenergic
neurotransmitters. the major stimulus for release is glutamate.
12. Where is oxytocin secreted and what are its effects?: it is secreted from the
posterior pituitary. Oxytocin is responsible for the contraction of the uterus and
milk ejection in lactating women and may affect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin
is released in response to suckling (oxytocin binds to receptors on myoepithelia
cells in the mammary tissue and cause contraction causing milk expression or
let down reflex) and distention of the uterus (oxytocin stimulates contractions
with a positive feedback loop).
13. Where is ADH secreted?: ADH is produced in the hypothalmus and secreted
by the posterior pituitary. ADH and the posterior pituitary regulate osmolality.
14. Where does ADH act?: ADH acts on vasopressin (V2) receptors of the renal
tubular cells to increase their permeability, which leads to increased water
absorption in the blood stream, increasing the concentration of urine and
reducing serum osmolality.
, 15. what causes ADH to be secreted?: when plasma osmolality increases, the
osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus are stimulated- the rate of ADH secretion i
increased causing more water to be absorbed by the kidneys- the plasma
osmolality returns to its set point (280 mOsm/kg)
16. How does ADH effect electrolytes?: ADH does not directly effect electrolytes
but due to the dilutional effect of increasing water absorption, serum electrolyte
may decrease
17. How does the body detect volume loss in order to stimulate receptors to
release ADH?: Baroreceptors in the L Atrium, carotid arteries, and aortic arch
detect changes in intravascular volume. Once a volume loss of 7-25% is
detected, receptors are stimulated.
18. What can cause secretion of ADH?: stress, trauma, pain, exercise, nausea,
nicotine, exposure to heat, and drugs (morphine)
19. when does ADH secretion decrease?: when plasma osmolality
decreases/returns to normal, intravascular volume increases, with HTN, an
increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II, and alcohol ingestion.
20. How does ADH affect blood pressure?: ADH acts on vasopressin (V1)
receptors which cause vasoconstriction, - increasing blood pressure
21. What is the target tissue and action of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
