issues is complex and dynamic. As society progresses, new ethical dilemmas and legal challenges will
emerge, influenced by technological advances, evolving social norms, and changing cultural values. Whether
in the realms of artificial intelligence, social justice, intellectual property, or education, it is crucial to
navigate these issues thoughtfully and with an awareness of their broader implications for
society.Addressing ethical dilemmas often requires a careful balance between individual rights and
collective responsibilities, between innovation and fairness, and between the potential for progress and the
risk of harm. At the same time, legal frameworks must adapt to reflect evolving ethical principles, ensuring
that laws serve the public good and protect fundamental rights while fostering justice and equity.Moving
forward, society must remain vigilant in ensuring that both ethical reasoning and legal structures are
PART 1
Enzymes
1. Indicate a class of enzymes, wich performs the process of phosphorylation of substrates:
*А. Transferases В. Oxidoreductases С. Isomerases
D. Lyases Е. Ligases
2. How are enzymes called, which catalyze the same reaction, but differ one from another
by their primary structure and physico-chemical properties?
*А. Isoenzymes В. Holoenzymes С. Zymogens
D. Cofactors Е. Apoenzymes
3. Which of the below mentioned properties is characteristic only for biologic catalysts?
*А. Ability to regulation
В. Increase a velocity of reaction, decreasing energy of activation
С. Don’t change the state of equilibrium of chemical reaction
D. Increase a velocity of reaction, but are not consumed and aren’t irreversibly changed
4. Indicate the substrate of salivary amylase:
*А. Starch В. Protein С. Sucrose D. Glucose Е. Amino acid
5. Enzymes of the class of lyases are able to catalyze the type of reactions:
*А. Decarboxylation В. Oxidation С. Reduction
D. Transamination Е. Hydrolysis
6. Give the full name of conjugated enzyme, polypeptide chains of which are combined
with nonprotein part:
*А. Holoenzyme В. Cofactor
С. Coenzyme D. Apoenzyme Е. Prosthetic group
7. D-oxidase of alanine is able to deaminize of D-аlanine only, but it doesn’t break down
the structure of L-alanine. Give the type of specificity of this enzyme:
*А. Stereochemical В. Absolute
С. Absolute group D. Relative group
8. Choose nonprotein part of enzymes, which is used for formation of active forms of fatty
acids:
*А. НSCоА В. CоQ С. ТPP D. NADP Е. FMN
9. Yeast extract was added to the test-tube with unknown substrate. Mixture in the test-tube
gave the positive reaction of Fellinge after 15 minutes of incubation. Which substrate was in the
test-tube?
*А. Sucrose В. Starch С. Lactose D. Glycogen Е. Cellulose
10. A reaction mixture gives yellow color with iodine and positive Fellinge’s reaction after
10 minutes of incubation of starch with saliva. The mixture contains:
*А. Maltose and dextrins В. Fructose and glucose С. Sucrose D. Lactose
11. Choose the activator of salivary amylase:
*А. Sodium chloride В. Ammonium sulfate С. Copper sulfate
D. Magnesium chloride Е. Calcium gluconate
12. Name the enzyme, which activity should be determined in patient’s urine in acute
pancreatitis:
*А. Amylase В. Protein kinase С. Cholinesterase
D. Leucine aminopeptidase Е. Alkaline phosphatase
13. Indicate the pathology, in which the activity of blood amylase increases 10 fold and
more:
, *А. Acute pancreatitis В. Virus hepatitis С. Chronic cholecystitis
D. Miocardial infarction Е. Diabetes mellitus
14. Name the enzyme, the activity of which is determined in blood plasma of patients with
pathology of bone tissue:
*А. Alkaline phosphatase В. Trypsin С. Amylase
D. Acid phosphatase Е. Pepsin
15. The degree of the liver parenchyma lesion is estimated by the determination of:
*А. concentration of isoforms LDH4 (HM3) and LDH5 (M4) of blood plasma
В. concentration of isoforms LDH1 (H4) and LDH2 (H3M) of blood plasma
С. activity of amylase of urine
D. activity of acid phosphatase
Е. Concentration of isoform LDH3 (H2M2) of blood plasma
16. Choose isoforms of LDH, concentration of which increase in blood plasma of patients
with myocardial infarction:
*А. LDH1 and LDH2 В. LDH3 and LDH4 С. LDH3 D. LDH4 and LDH5 Е. LDH5
17. Choose the enzyme of blood plasma, which is used in therapeutic practice for the
decrease of blood pressure:
*А. Kallikrein В. Trypsin С. Chymotrypsin
D. Cholinesterase Е. LDH1
issues is complex and dynamic. As society progresses, new ethical dilemmas and legal challenges
will emerge, influenced by technological advances, evolving social norms, and changing cultural
values. Whether in the realms of artificial intelligence, social justice, intellectual property, or
education, it is crucial to navigate these issues thoughtfully and with an awareness of their broader
implications for society.Addressing ethical dilemmas often requires a careful balance between
individual rights and collective responsibilities, between innovation and fairness, and between the
potential for progress and the risk of harm. At the same time, legal frameworks must adapt to
reflect evolving ethical principles, ensuring that laws serve the public good and protect
fundamental rights while fostering justice and equity.Moving forward, society must remain
vigilant in ensuring that both ethical reasoning and legal structures are
18. What is the mechanism of inhibition of folic acid synthesis by sulfanylamides?
*А. Competitive В. Irreversible С. Denaturation of enzyme
D. Noncompetitive Е. Binding with allosteric site of enzymes
19. The enzymes, which belong to III class are:
*A. Amylase, pepsin, lipase B. Trypsin, catalase, arginase
C. Elastase, lactate dehydrogenase, thiolase
D. Glycogen phosphorylase, gastrixin, maltase
E. Citrate synthase, pyruvate carboxylase, sucrase
20. Oxidoreductases do not catalyze the reactions of:
*A. Dehydration B. Dehydrogenation C. Electron transfer
D. Oxygen incorporation E. Hydrogen peroxide destruction
21. The enzyme inactivation under its heating till 100оС is caused by:
*A. Denaturation B. Renaturation C. Competitive inhibition
D. Phosphorylation E. Decarboxylation
22. Call the reaction, which is catalyzed by enzymes from transferases class:
*A. Amino group carrying from alanine to α-ketoglutarate
B. Taking of carboxyl group from pyruvate
C. Electron transfer from cytochrome oxydase to oxygen
D. Water combining with fumarate
E. Glucose conversion to galactose
23. The competitive inhibition proceeds by:
*A. Inhibitor binding at the active site of enzyme B. Inhibitor binding at the allosteric
site of enzyme C. Enzyme dephosphorylation D. Enzyme denaturation
E. Enzyme hydroxylation
24. Call the enzyme, which belongs to oxidoreductases:
*A. Catalase B. Peptidase C. Amylase D. Lipase E. Lactase
, 25. Enzymes of V class catalyze reactions of:
*A. Isomerization B. Intermolecular carrying of chemical groups and radicals
C. Reduction D. Oxydation E. Hydrolysis
26. Enzyme DNA-polymerase belongs to the class:
*A. Ligases B. Isomerases C. Hydrolases D. Transferases E. Lyases
27. Enzymes, consisting of some polypeptide chains, are called:
*A. Olygomeric B. Thermolabile C. Allosteric D. Isomeric E. Monomeric
28. Enzymes are not characteristic by:
*A. Photolability B. Thermolability C. Specificity D. Ability to regulation E. рН-lability
29. Call the type of inhibition, under which enzyme is not reactivated after inhibitor
removal:
issues is complex and dynamic. As society progresses, new ethical dilemmas and legal
challenges will emerge, influenced by technological advances, evolving social norms, and
changing cultural values. Whether in the realms of artificial intelligence, social justice,
intellectual property, or education, it is crucial to navigate these issues thoughtfully and with an
awareness of their broader implications for society.Addressing ethical dilemmas often requires a
careful balance between individual rights and collective responsibilities, between innovation and
fairness, and between the potential for progress and the risk of harm. At the same time, legal
frameworks must adapt to reflect evolving ethical principles, ensuring that laws serve the public
good and protect fundamental rights while fostering justice and equity.Moving forward, society
must remain vigilant in ensuring that both ethical reasoning and legal structures are
*A. Irreversible B. Noncompetitive C. Reversible D. Competitive E. Substrate
30. Enzyme sucrase breaks down sucrose to glucose and fructose with water molecule
participation. Which class is this enzyme concerned to?
*A. Hydrolases B. Isomerases C. Lyases D. Ligases E. Oxidoreductases
31. Aspirin is used as anti-inflammatory drug because it inhibits the activity of:
*A. Cyclooxygenase B. Xanthine oxidase C. Thymidylate synthase
D. Monoamine oxidase E. Lysyl oxidase
32. 5-Flurouracil is used as anticancer drug because it inhibits the activity of:
*A. Thymidylate synthase B. Cyclooxygenase C. Xanthine oxidase
D. Lysyl oxidase E. Monoamine oxidase
33. A 60-years-old man was admitted to the hospital with complains of sever chest pain
and deficiency breathing. Biochemical analysis of blood revealed high levels of MB isoenzyme
of creatine kinase and H4 of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH1). Which disease may be diagnosed in
that patient?
*A. Myocardial infarction B. Acute hepatitis C. Prostate cancer
D. Acute pancreatitis E. Muscle disorders
34. Elevation or depression of activity of specific enzymes may indicate either the presence
of a disease or damage to a specific tissue. The increase of alkaline phosphatase indicates:
*A. Liver disease, bone disorders B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Muscle disorders D. Prostate cancer E. Heart attack
35. An allosteric modulator influences enzyme activity by:
*A. Binding to a site on the enzyme molecule distinct from catalytic site
B. Competing for the catalytic site with the substrate
C. Changing the nature of the product formed
D. Changing the specificity of the enzyme for its substrate
E. Covalent modifying the enzyme.
36. Which of the below-mentioned changes of biochemical parameters are characteristic
for myocardial infarction?
*A. Increased MB fraction of serum creatine phosphokinase
B. Increased MM fraction of serum creatine phosphokinase
C. Decreased creatinine level in the urine
D. Increased LPH5 fraction in blood serum
E. Increased α-amylase in blood
37. Presently enzymes are widely applied in medicine as medicinal preparations. Which of
, below mentioned enzymes is used to resolute scars?
*A. Hyaluronidase B. Catalase C. Amylase D. Sacharase E. Pepsin
38. In medicine practice, enzyme inhibitors are used known as antimetabolites. These
compounds are:
*A. Structural analogues of natural substrates
B. Irreversible inhibitors of enzymes
C. Cofactors D. Regulatory proteins E. Proteolytic enzymes
39. Many enzymes are formed from proenzymes in the result of cleavage of part of their
polypeptide chain. Name the process.
*A. Limited proteolysis B. Phosphorylation C. Dephosphorylation
D. Transamination E. Deamination
40. Which enzymes are used in the trearment of viral conjunctivitis?
*A. DNAase B. Pepsin C. Trypsin D. Collagen E. Hyaluronidase
41. In clinical practice thromboses are prevented or cured by administration a certain
medical preparation in the human organism. Name this preparation.
*A. Streptokinase B. Lydase C. Hyaluronidase D. Collagenase E. Pepsin
42. The reasons causing liberation of intracellular enzymes in blood are:
*A. Breakdown of cellular membranes
B. Enzyme secretion
C. Increase in body temperature
D. Dehydration
E. Increase in osmotic pressure
issues is complex and dynamic. As society progresses, new ethical dilemmas and legal challenges will
emerge, influenced by technological advances, evolving social norms, and changing cultural values. Whether
in the realms of artificial intelligence, social justice, intellectual property, or education, it is crucial to
navigate these issues thoughtfully and with an awareness of their broader implications for
society.Addressing ethical dilemmas often requires a careful balance between individual rights and
collective responsibilities, between innovation and fairness, and between the potential for progress and the
risk of harm. At the same time, legal frameworks must adapt to reflect evolving ethical principles, ensuring
that laws serve the public good and protect fundamental rights while fostering justice and equity.Moving
forward, society must remain vigilant in ensuring that both ethical reasoning and legal structures are
43. Protection function of saliva is provided by some mechanisms. One of them is
occurrence of enzyme which has bactericidal action, provides a lysis of polysaccharide complex
of capsules of streptococcus, staphylococcus. What is this enzyme?
*A. Lysozyme B. α-Amylase C. Oligo-1-6-glucosidase
D. Collagenase E. β-Glucocuronidase
44. In pancretic disease the synthesis and the secretion of trypsin are disturbed. Indicate
substances hydrolysis of which is changed as a result of that?
*A. Proteins B. Lipids C. Carbohydrates D. Nucleic acids E. Phospholipids
45. The activities of LDH4, LDH5, alanine aminotransferase, ornithine
carbamoyltransferase are increased in a patient’s blood. What organ is involved in pathological
process?
*A. Liver (hepatitis) B. Heart (myocardial infarction) C. Skeletal muscle
D. Kidney E. Connective tissue
46. The increase of activities of LDH1, LDH2, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine
phosphokynase was revealed at the examination of a patient’s blood. Which organ (organs) are
possibly involved in development of pathological process?
*A. Heart (initial stage of myocardial infarction) B. Skeletal muscle (dystrophy, atrophy)
C. Kidneys and adrenal glands D. Connective tissue E. Liver and kidneys
47. A 42-year-old man was admitted to cardiology department with diagnosis of
stenocardia. Inhibitor of phosphodiesterase was included to complex of preparations prescribed
to the patient. What substance concentration will be increased in myocardium?
*A. cAMP B. GMP C. AMP D. ADP E. ATP
48. A 47-year-old patient with diagnosis of myocardial infarction was admitted at the
reanimation department. What fraction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) will prevail in blood
emerge, influenced by technological advances, evolving social norms, and changing cultural values. Whether
in the realms of artificial intelligence, social justice, intellectual property, or education, it is crucial to
navigate these issues thoughtfully and with an awareness of their broader implications for
society.Addressing ethical dilemmas often requires a careful balance between individual rights and
collective responsibilities, between innovation and fairness, and between the potential for progress and the
risk of harm. At the same time, legal frameworks must adapt to reflect evolving ethical principles, ensuring
that laws serve the public good and protect fundamental rights while fostering justice and equity.Moving
forward, society must remain vigilant in ensuring that both ethical reasoning and legal structures are
PART 1
Enzymes
1. Indicate a class of enzymes, wich performs the process of phosphorylation of substrates:
*А. Transferases В. Oxidoreductases С. Isomerases
D. Lyases Е. Ligases
2. How are enzymes called, which catalyze the same reaction, but differ one from another
by their primary structure and physico-chemical properties?
*А. Isoenzymes В. Holoenzymes С. Zymogens
D. Cofactors Е. Apoenzymes
3. Which of the below mentioned properties is characteristic only for biologic catalysts?
*А. Ability to regulation
В. Increase a velocity of reaction, decreasing energy of activation
С. Don’t change the state of equilibrium of chemical reaction
D. Increase a velocity of reaction, but are not consumed and aren’t irreversibly changed
4. Indicate the substrate of salivary amylase:
*А. Starch В. Protein С. Sucrose D. Glucose Е. Amino acid
5. Enzymes of the class of lyases are able to catalyze the type of reactions:
*А. Decarboxylation В. Oxidation С. Reduction
D. Transamination Е. Hydrolysis
6. Give the full name of conjugated enzyme, polypeptide chains of which are combined
with nonprotein part:
*А. Holoenzyme В. Cofactor
С. Coenzyme D. Apoenzyme Е. Prosthetic group
7. D-oxidase of alanine is able to deaminize of D-аlanine only, but it doesn’t break down
the structure of L-alanine. Give the type of specificity of this enzyme:
*А. Stereochemical В. Absolute
С. Absolute group D. Relative group
8. Choose nonprotein part of enzymes, which is used for formation of active forms of fatty
acids:
*А. НSCоА В. CоQ С. ТPP D. NADP Е. FMN
9. Yeast extract was added to the test-tube with unknown substrate. Mixture in the test-tube
gave the positive reaction of Fellinge after 15 minutes of incubation. Which substrate was in the
test-tube?
*А. Sucrose В. Starch С. Lactose D. Glycogen Е. Cellulose
10. A reaction mixture gives yellow color with iodine and positive Fellinge’s reaction after
10 minutes of incubation of starch with saliva. The mixture contains:
*А. Maltose and dextrins В. Fructose and glucose С. Sucrose D. Lactose
11. Choose the activator of salivary amylase:
*А. Sodium chloride В. Ammonium sulfate С. Copper sulfate
D. Magnesium chloride Е. Calcium gluconate
12. Name the enzyme, which activity should be determined in patient’s urine in acute
pancreatitis:
*А. Amylase В. Protein kinase С. Cholinesterase
D. Leucine aminopeptidase Е. Alkaline phosphatase
13. Indicate the pathology, in which the activity of blood amylase increases 10 fold and
more:
, *А. Acute pancreatitis В. Virus hepatitis С. Chronic cholecystitis
D. Miocardial infarction Е. Diabetes mellitus
14. Name the enzyme, the activity of which is determined in blood plasma of patients with
pathology of bone tissue:
*А. Alkaline phosphatase В. Trypsin С. Amylase
D. Acid phosphatase Е. Pepsin
15. The degree of the liver parenchyma lesion is estimated by the determination of:
*А. concentration of isoforms LDH4 (HM3) and LDH5 (M4) of blood plasma
В. concentration of isoforms LDH1 (H4) and LDH2 (H3M) of blood plasma
С. activity of amylase of urine
D. activity of acid phosphatase
Е. Concentration of isoform LDH3 (H2M2) of blood plasma
16. Choose isoforms of LDH, concentration of which increase in blood plasma of patients
with myocardial infarction:
*А. LDH1 and LDH2 В. LDH3 and LDH4 С. LDH3 D. LDH4 and LDH5 Е. LDH5
17. Choose the enzyme of blood plasma, which is used in therapeutic practice for the
decrease of blood pressure:
*А. Kallikrein В. Trypsin С. Chymotrypsin
D. Cholinesterase Е. LDH1
issues is complex and dynamic. As society progresses, new ethical dilemmas and legal challenges
will emerge, influenced by technological advances, evolving social norms, and changing cultural
values. Whether in the realms of artificial intelligence, social justice, intellectual property, or
education, it is crucial to navigate these issues thoughtfully and with an awareness of their broader
implications for society.Addressing ethical dilemmas often requires a careful balance between
individual rights and collective responsibilities, between innovation and fairness, and between the
potential for progress and the risk of harm. At the same time, legal frameworks must adapt to
reflect evolving ethical principles, ensuring that laws serve the public good and protect
fundamental rights while fostering justice and equity.Moving forward, society must remain
vigilant in ensuring that both ethical reasoning and legal structures are
18. What is the mechanism of inhibition of folic acid synthesis by sulfanylamides?
*А. Competitive В. Irreversible С. Denaturation of enzyme
D. Noncompetitive Е. Binding with allosteric site of enzymes
19. The enzymes, which belong to III class are:
*A. Amylase, pepsin, lipase B. Trypsin, catalase, arginase
C. Elastase, lactate dehydrogenase, thiolase
D. Glycogen phosphorylase, gastrixin, maltase
E. Citrate synthase, pyruvate carboxylase, sucrase
20. Oxidoreductases do not catalyze the reactions of:
*A. Dehydration B. Dehydrogenation C. Electron transfer
D. Oxygen incorporation E. Hydrogen peroxide destruction
21. The enzyme inactivation under its heating till 100оС is caused by:
*A. Denaturation B. Renaturation C. Competitive inhibition
D. Phosphorylation E. Decarboxylation
22. Call the reaction, which is catalyzed by enzymes from transferases class:
*A. Amino group carrying from alanine to α-ketoglutarate
B. Taking of carboxyl group from pyruvate
C. Electron transfer from cytochrome oxydase to oxygen
D. Water combining with fumarate
E. Glucose conversion to galactose
23. The competitive inhibition proceeds by:
*A. Inhibitor binding at the active site of enzyme B. Inhibitor binding at the allosteric
site of enzyme C. Enzyme dephosphorylation D. Enzyme denaturation
E. Enzyme hydroxylation
24. Call the enzyme, which belongs to oxidoreductases:
*A. Catalase B. Peptidase C. Amylase D. Lipase E. Lactase
, 25. Enzymes of V class catalyze reactions of:
*A. Isomerization B. Intermolecular carrying of chemical groups and radicals
C. Reduction D. Oxydation E. Hydrolysis
26. Enzyme DNA-polymerase belongs to the class:
*A. Ligases B. Isomerases C. Hydrolases D. Transferases E. Lyases
27. Enzymes, consisting of some polypeptide chains, are called:
*A. Olygomeric B. Thermolabile C. Allosteric D. Isomeric E. Monomeric
28. Enzymes are not characteristic by:
*A. Photolability B. Thermolability C. Specificity D. Ability to regulation E. рН-lability
29. Call the type of inhibition, under which enzyme is not reactivated after inhibitor
removal:
issues is complex and dynamic. As society progresses, new ethical dilemmas and legal
challenges will emerge, influenced by technological advances, evolving social norms, and
changing cultural values. Whether in the realms of artificial intelligence, social justice,
intellectual property, or education, it is crucial to navigate these issues thoughtfully and with an
awareness of their broader implications for society.Addressing ethical dilemmas often requires a
careful balance between individual rights and collective responsibilities, between innovation and
fairness, and between the potential for progress and the risk of harm. At the same time, legal
frameworks must adapt to reflect evolving ethical principles, ensuring that laws serve the public
good and protect fundamental rights while fostering justice and equity.Moving forward, society
must remain vigilant in ensuring that both ethical reasoning and legal structures are
*A. Irreversible B. Noncompetitive C. Reversible D. Competitive E. Substrate
30. Enzyme sucrase breaks down sucrose to glucose and fructose with water molecule
participation. Which class is this enzyme concerned to?
*A. Hydrolases B. Isomerases C. Lyases D. Ligases E. Oxidoreductases
31. Aspirin is used as anti-inflammatory drug because it inhibits the activity of:
*A. Cyclooxygenase B. Xanthine oxidase C. Thymidylate synthase
D. Monoamine oxidase E. Lysyl oxidase
32. 5-Flurouracil is used as anticancer drug because it inhibits the activity of:
*A. Thymidylate synthase B. Cyclooxygenase C. Xanthine oxidase
D. Lysyl oxidase E. Monoamine oxidase
33. A 60-years-old man was admitted to the hospital with complains of sever chest pain
and deficiency breathing. Biochemical analysis of blood revealed high levels of MB isoenzyme
of creatine kinase and H4 of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH1). Which disease may be diagnosed in
that patient?
*A. Myocardial infarction B. Acute hepatitis C. Prostate cancer
D. Acute pancreatitis E. Muscle disorders
34. Elevation or depression of activity of specific enzymes may indicate either the presence
of a disease or damage to a specific tissue. The increase of alkaline phosphatase indicates:
*A. Liver disease, bone disorders B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Muscle disorders D. Prostate cancer E. Heart attack
35. An allosteric modulator influences enzyme activity by:
*A. Binding to a site on the enzyme molecule distinct from catalytic site
B. Competing for the catalytic site with the substrate
C. Changing the nature of the product formed
D. Changing the specificity of the enzyme for its substrate
E. Covalent modifying the enzyme.
36. Which of the below-mentioned changes of biochemical parameters are characteristic
for myocardial infarction?
*A. Increased MB fraction of serum creatine phosphokinase
B. Increased MM fraction of serum creatine phosphokinase
C. Decreased creatinine level in the urine
D. Increased LPH5 fraction in blood serum
E. Increased α-amylase in blood
37. Presently enzymes are widely applied in medicine as medicinal preparations. Which of
, below mentioned enzymes is used to resolute scars?
*A. Hyaluronidase B. Catalase C. Amylase D. Sacharase E. Pepsin
38. In medicine practice, enzyme inhibitors are used known as antimetabolites. These
compounds are:
*A. Structural analogues of natural substrates
B. Irreversible inhibitors of enzymes
C. Cofactors D. Regulatory proteins E. Proteolytic enzymes
39. Many enzymes are formed from proenzymes in the result of cleavage of part of their
polypeptide chain. Name the process.
*A. Limited proteolysis B. Phosphorylation C. Dephosphorylation
D. Transamination E. Deamination
40. Which enzymes are used in the trearment of viral conjunctivitis?
*A. DNAase B. Pepsin C. Trypsin D. Collagen E. Hyaluronidase
41. In clinical practice thromboses are prevented or cured by administration a certain
medical preparation in the human organism. Name this preparation.
*A. Streptokinase B. Lydase C. Hyaluronidase D. Collagenase E. Pepsin
42. The reasons causing liberation of intracellular enzymes in blood are:
*A. Breakdown of cellular membranes
B. Enzyme secretion
C. Increase in body temperature
D. Dehydration
E. Increase in osmotic pressure
issues is complex and dynamic. As society progresses, new ethical dilemmas and legal challenges will
emerge, influenced by technological advances, evolving social norms, and changing cultural values. Whether
in the realms of artificial intelligence, social justice, intellectual property, or education, it is crucial to
navigate these issues thoughtfully and with an awareness of their broader implications for
society.Addressing ethical dilemmas often requires a careful balance between individual rights and
collective responsibilities, between innovation and fairness, and between the potential for progress and the
risk of harm. At the same time, legal frameworks must adapt to reflect evolving ethical principles, ensuring
that laws serve the public good and protect fundamental rights while fostering justice and equity.Moving
forward, society must remain vigilant in ensuring that both ethical reasoning and legal structures are
43. Protection function of saliva is provided by some mechanisms. One of them is
occurrence of enzyme which has bactericidal action, provides a lysis of polysaccharide complex
of capsules of streptococcus, staphylococcus. What is this enzyme?
*A. Lysozyme B. α-Amylase C. Oligo-1-6-glucosidase
D. Collagenase E. β-Glucocuronidase
44. In pancretic disease the synthesis and the secretion of trypsin are disturbed. Indicate
substances hydrolysis of which is changed as a result of that?
*A. Proteins B. Lipids C. Carbohydrates D. Nucleic acids E. Phospholipids
45. The activities of LDH4, LDH5, alanine aminotransferase, ornithine
carbamoyltransferase are increased in a patient’s blood. What organ is involved in pathological
process?
*A. Liver (hepatitis) B. Heart (myocardial infarction) C. Skeletal muscle
D. Kidney E. Connective tissue
46. The increase of activities of LDH1, LDH2, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine
phosphokynase was revealed at the examination of a patient’s blood. Which organ (organs) are
possibly involved in development of pathological process?
*A. Heart (initial stage of myocardial infarction) B. Skeletal muscle (dystrophy, atrophy)
C. Kidneys and adrenal glands D. Connective tissue E. Liver and kidneys
47. A 42-year-old man was admitted to cardiology department with diagnosis of
stenocardia. Inhibitor of phosphodiesterase was included to complex of preparations prescribed
to the patient. What substance concentration will be increased in myocardium?
*A. cAMP B. GMP C. AMP D. ADP E. ATP
48. A 47-year-old patient with diagnosis of myocardial infarction was admitted at the
reanimation department. What fraction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) will prevail in blood
