ATP as a supply of energy
Energy is required to:
1. Build new molecules from smaller ones (anabolic reactions)
2. move substances across membranes by active transport
3. Synthesis of DNA and proteins
4. Endo/exocytosis
5. muscle contraction and movement
Adenosine triphosphate is a universal energy currency, and transfers and supplies energy
- ATP Is a type of phosphorylated RNA nucleotide
- The adenosine nucleotide consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar and a phosphate
group
- ATP consists of three phosphate groups (hence it is phosphorylated)
ATP is produced in respiration via phosphorylation (energy for this from the breakdown of
glucose in respiration)
- It is formed formed from inorganic phosphate (Pi) addition to ADP (adenosine
diphosphate)
, - The hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP and inorganic phosphate.
- This is catalysed by the enzyme ATPhydrolase
- energy that is stored in bonds is released
- reversible reaction
- ADP and Pi can be recycled to form more ATP (in the light dependent reaction)
Structure and function of chloroplast
- chloroplasts have a double membrane (each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer) known
as the chloroplast envelope
- Contain chloroplast DNA
- Stroma is a cytoplasm-like fluid, containing enzymes, 60S ribosomes, starch granules.
- Thylakoid are fluid-filled sacs which are surrounded by the thylakoid membrane —> the
thylakoid membranes contain ATPsynthase enzymes and photosystems.
Photosystems:
These are proteins with embedded photosynthetic pigments-> (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
carotene)
- These pigments allow optimum use of the frequency of light energy.
Function of structures:
1. Chloroplast envelope
Encloses chloroplast. Keeps components enclosed together. Transport proteins in the inner
membrane of the envelope control the movement of molecules and ions between the stroma
and the cell cytoplasm.
2. Stroma: contains enzyme to catalyze photosynthesis
3. Chloroplast DNA: contains genes which code for Photosynthetic proteins.
4. 60S ribosomes: allow translation of mRNA from the chloroplast DNA.
Energy is required to:
1. Build new molecules from smaller ones (anabolic reactions)
2. move substances across membranes by active transport
3. Synthesis of DNA and proteins
4. Endo/exocytosis
5. muscle contraction and movement
Adenosine triphosphate is a universal energy currency, and transfers and supplies energy
- ATP Is a type of phosphorylated RNA nucleotide
- The adenosine nucleotide consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar and a phosphate
group
- ATP consists of three phosphate groups (hence it is phosphorylated)
ATP is produced in respiration via phosphorylation (energy for this from the breakdown of
glucose in respiration)
- It is formed formed from inorganic phosphate (Pi) addition to ADP (adenosine
diphosphate)
, - The hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP and inorganic phosphate.
- This is catalysed by the enzyme ATPhydrolase
- energy that is stored in bonds is released
- reversible reaction
- ADP and Pi can be recycled to form more ATP (in the light dependent reaction)
Structure and function of chloroplast
- chloroplasts have a double membrane (each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer) known
as the chloroplast envelope
- Contain chloroplast DNA
- Stroma is a cytoplasm-like fluid, containing enzymes, 60S ribosomes, starch granules.
- Thylakoid are fluid-filled sacs which are surrounded by the thylakoid membrane —> the
thylakoid membranes contain ATPsynthase enzymes and photosystems.
Photosystems:
These are proteins with embedded photosynthetic pigments-> (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
carotene)
- These pigments allow optimum use of the frequency of light energy.
Function of structures:
1. Chloroplast envelope
Encloses chloroplast. Keeps components enclosed together. Transport proteins in the inner
membrane of the envelope control the movement of molecules and ions between the stroma
and the cell cytoplasm.
2. Stroma: contains enzyme to catalyze photosynthesis
3. Chloroplast DNA: contains genes which code for Photosynthetic proteins.
4. 60S ribosomes: allow translation of mRNA from the chloroplast DNA.
