P-BLOCK
MS
, GROUP 13
BORON FAMILY
ELEMENTS &
CHARACTERISTICS
MS
,B - Boron Metalloid
Al - Aluminum
Ga - Gallium
Metal
In - Indium Electronic
Tl - Thallium conf igurati
- ns²np¹
on
Nh - Nihonium
MS
, GROUP 13
BORON FAMILY
oxidation state &
physical properties
MS
, Inert pair effect -
the two electrons in the
outermost s-orbital often don’t
Common oxidation state is +3. take part in bonding because
nuclear attraction on the s-
Thallium exhibits +1 oxidation
electrons increases (due to poor
state due to inert pair effect. shielding by inner d/f electrons).
↑
Atomic radius, down group(Ga < Al due to poor d-shielding)
↑ ↓
density , ionization enthalpy (Ga > Al due to poor d-
shielding) down the group
Boron is hard (due to its crystalline structure),black solid.
Aluminum is lightweight, malleable, and has good conductivity.
Melting point - B > Al > In > Tl > Ga (~30 °C and exist as liquid at
room temperature )
MS
MS
, GROUP 13
BORON FAMILY
ELEMENTS &
CHARACTERISTICS
MS
,B - Boron Metalloid
Al - Aluminum
Ga - Gallium
Metal
In - Indium Electronic
Tl - Thallium conf igurati
- ns²np¹
on
Nh - Nihonium
MS
, GROUP 13
BORON FAMILY
oxidation state &
physical properties
MS
, Inert pair effect -
the two electrons in the
outermost s-orbital often don’t
Common oxidation state is +3. take part in bonding because
nuclear attraction on the s-
Thallium exhibits +1 oxidation
electrons increases (due to poor
state due to inert pair effect. shielding by inner d/f electrons).
↑
Atomic radius, down group(Ga < Al due to poor d-shielding)
↑ ↓
density , ionization enthalpy (Ga > Al due to poor d-
shielding) down the group
Boron is hard (due to its crystalline structure),black solid.
Aluminum is lightweight, malleable, and has good conductivity.
Melting point - B > Al > In > Tl > Ga (~30 °C and exist as liquid at
room temperature )
MS
