Fall
2020
Physiology
Biochemistry
FM1010
ANTHONY GOODINGS
, 1
Table of Contents
Lecture 1: Integrated Physiology – Systems, Organs, Cells, and Genes..................................... 5
Physiological Systems ....................................................................................................................5
Skeletal System: .................................................................................................................................................... 5
Muscular System: ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Nervous System: ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Digestive System:.................................................................................................................................................. 6
Urinary System: .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Respiratory System: .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Circulatory System: ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Endocrine System: ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Immune System: ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Integumentary System: ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Reproductive System ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Summary ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
Body Tissues ..................................................................................................................................8
Muscle Tissue ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Nerve Tissue ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Connective Tissue ........................................................................................................................ 11
Tissues Form Organs .................................................................................................................... 11
Cell Biology .................................................................................................................................. 12
Organelles: .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Genes and Proteins: ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Lecture 2: Body Water ......................................................................................................... 13
Body Water Volume and Composition .......................................................................................... 13
Daily Balance of Water ................................................................................................................. 13
Osmolarity .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Volume and Composition of Body Water ...................................................................................... 14
How Water Enter and Leaves the Body ......................................................................................... 14
Mechanisms of Membrane Transport ........................................................................................... 14
Structure and Composition ................................................................................................................................ 14
Functions ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
Plasma Membrane Proteins ............................................................................................................................... 15
Movement of Water ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Reabsorption in the Kidney Collecting Duct ....................................................................................................... 16
Regulation of Body Water. ........................................................................................................... 16
Plasma Homeostasis .................................................................................................................... 17
Homeostasis ................................................................................................................................ 18
Feedback Loops .................................................................................................................................................. 18
Calculation of Total Body Water ................................................................................................... 18
, 2
Lecture 3: Transport Across Membranes I ............................................................................. 19
Movement of Solutes and Water Across Cell Membranes ............................................................. 19
Intracellular Transport ................................................................................................................. 19
Passive Transport......................................................................................................................... 19
Diffusion.............................................................................................................................................................. 20
Fick’s Law of Diffusion for Biologists .................................................................................................................. 21
Active Transport .......................................................................................................................... 21
Carrier-Mediated Transport ............................................................................................................................... 21
Osmosis ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Osmotic Fragility of RBCs .................................................................................................................................... 22
Transport Across Cell Membranes II ..................................................................................... 23
Osmosis ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Molarity vs Molality ..................................................................................................................... 23
Tonicity vs Osmolarity .................................................................................................................. 23
Absorption of Glucose from the Intestine ..................................................................................... 24
Epithelial Cells and Tight Junctions ............................................................................................... 24
Transcellular and Paracellular Water Absorption .......................................................................... 25
Regulated Absorption of Water in Kidneys ........................................................................................................ 25
Bulk Absorption of Water in Gut and Kidney ..................................................................................................... 25
Mechanisms to Control Water Movement ........................................................................................................ 25
Oral Rehydration Therapy ............................................................................................................ 25
Secretion of Water ....................................................................................................................... 25
Lecture 5: Overview of the Nervous System .......................................................................... 27
Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Terminology ........................................................................................................................................................ 28
Blood-Brain Barrier ............................................................................................................................................. 28
Nerve Cell Types .......................................................................................................................... 29
Parts of a Neuron ................................................................................................................................................ 29
Neuroglia ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Resting Membrane Potential ........................................................................................................ 30
Regulation of RMP ....................................................................................................................... 32
Na+/K+ Pump ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
Effect of Ionic Movement on RMP ..................................................................................................................... 33
Membrane Potential and Electrochemical Potential ......................................................................................... 33
Lecture 6: Action Potentials ................................................................................................. 35
Basic Steps ................................................................................................................................... 35
Phase 1: Depolarization ...................................................................................................................................... 35
Phase 2: Repolarization ...................................................................................................................................... 35
Phase 3: Readjustment ....................................................................................................................................... 35
, 3
Conducting Impulses .................................................................................................................... 37
Action Potentials................................................................................................................................................. 37
Voltage Sensitive Channels ................................................................................................................................. 37
Conduction of Nerve Impulses ........................................................................................................................... 37
Role of Myelin ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
Axonal AP Regeneration ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Action Potential Summary............................................................................................................ 38
Sensory Cell Converts Stimulus into NTs ............................................................................................................ 38
Compound Action Potentials .............................................................................................................................. 38
Properties of Graded Potentials ......................................................................................................................... 39
Clinical Applications ............................................................................................................................................ 39
Lecture 7: Synaptic Transmission .......................................................................................... 40
Synapses...................................................................................................................................... 40
............................................................................................................................................................................ 40
Sensory Synapses................................................................................................................................................ 40
Sensory Transduction: Stimuli ............................................................................................................................ 41
Taste ................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Hearing/Vision .................................................................................................................................................... 41
Communication Across Synapse – Synaptic Transmission .............................................................. 42
Neurotransmitters .............................................................................................................................................. 42
Major Neurotransmitter in the Body ................................................................................................................. 43
Synaptic Transmission – Signal Termination ...................................................................................................... 43
Synaptic Transmission and Anti-Depressants .................................................................................................... 43
Calcispetine Blocks Ca2+ Channels ...................................................................................................................... 44
Neuro-Muscular Junction (Motor-End Plate) ................................................................................. 44
Synaptic Transmission .................................................................................................................. 44
Neural Control of a Finger Muscle...................................................................................................................... 44
Post-Synaptic Potentials............................................................................................................... 45
Convergence ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Summation ......................................................................................................................................................... 46
Neurotoxins Block Nerve Function ................................................................................................ 46
Lecture 8: The Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) ...................................................................... 48
Overview of Events at the Neuromuscular Junction (NMG) ........................................................... 48
Details of SNARE Proteins............................................................................................................. 49
Summary of SNARE Protein Function ................................................................................................................. 49
Miniature End Palate Potentials (mEPP) – Quantal Nature of Neurotransmitter Release ................ 50
Vesicle Recycling ................................................................................................................................................. 50
Muscle Action Potential ............................................................................................................... 50
Alterations of the NMJ – Disease and Health ..................................................................................................... 50
Lecture 9: Skeletal Muscles .................................................................................................. 51
Structure of Skeletal Muscles ....................................................................................................... 51
Skeletal Muscle Sarcomeres ............................................................................................................................... 51
Thin and Thick Filament...................................................................................................................................... 51
2020
Physiology
Biochemistry
FM1010
ANTHONY GOODINGS
, 1
Table of Contents
Lecture 1: Integrated Physiology – Systems, Organs, Cells, and Genes..................................... 5
Physiological Systems ....................................................................................................................5
Skeletal System: .................................................................................................................................................... 5
Muscular System: ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Nervous System: ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Digestive System:.................................................................................................................................................. 6
Urinary System: .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Respiratory System: .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Circulatory System: ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Endocrine System: ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Immune System: ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Integumentary System: ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Reproductive System ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Summary ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
Body Tissues ..................................................................................................................................8
Muscle Tissue ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Nerve Tissue ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Connective Tissue ........................................................................................................................ 11
Tissues Form Organs .................................................................................................................... 11
Cell Biology .................................................................................................................................. 12
Organelles: .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Genes and Proteins: ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Lecture 2: Body Water ......................................................................................................... 13
Body Water Volume and Composition .......................................................................................... 13
Daily Balance of Water ................................................................................................................. 13
Osmolarity .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Volume and Composition of Body Water ...................................................................................... 14
How Water Enter and Leaves the Body ......................................................................................... 14
Mechanisms of Membrane Transport ........................................................................................... 14
Structure and Composition ................................................................................................................................ 14
Functions ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
Plasma Membrane Proteins ............................................................................................................................... 15
Movement of Water ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Reabsorption in the Kidney Collecting Duct ....................................................................................................... 16
Regulation of Body Water. ........................................................................................................... 16
Plasma Homeostasis .................................................................................................................... 17
Homeostasis ................................................................................................................................ 18
Feedback Loops .................................................................................................................................................. 18
Calculation of Total Body Water ................................................................................................... 18
, 2
Lecture 3: Transport Across Membranes I ............................................................................. 19
Movement of Solutes and Water Across Cell Membranes ............................................................. 19
Intracellular Transport ................................................................................................................. 19
Passive Transport......................................................................................................................... 19
Diffusion.............................................................................................................................................................. 20
Fick’s Law of Diffusion for Biologists .................................................................................................................. 21
Active Transport .......................................................................................................................... 21
Carrier-Mediated Transport ............................................................................................................................... 21
Osmosis ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Osmotic Fragility of RBCs .................................................................................................................................... 22
Transport Across Cell Membranes II ..................................................................................... 23
Osmosis ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Molarity vs Molality ..................................................................................................................... 23
Tonicity vs Osmolarity .................................................................................................................. 23
Absorption of Glucose from the Intestine ..................................................................................... 24
Epithelial Cells and Tight Junctions ............................................................................................... 24
Transcellular and Paracellular Water Absorption .......................................................................... 25
Regulated Absorption of Water in Kidneys ........................................................................................................ 25
Bulk Absorption of Water in Gut and Kidney ..................................................................................................... 25
Mechanisms to Control Water Movement ........................................................................................................ 25
Oral Rehydration Therapy ............................................................................................................ 25
Secretion of Water ....................................................................................................................... 25
Lecture 5: Overview of the Nervous System .......................................................................... 27
Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Terminology ........................................................................................................................................................ 28
Blood-Brain Barrier ............................................................................................................................................. 28
Nerve Cell Types .......................................................................................................................... 29
Parts of a Neuron ................................................................................................................................................ 29
Neuroglia ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Resting Membrane Potential ........................................................................................................ 30
Regulation of RMP ....................................................................................................................... 32
Na+/K+ Pump ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
Effect of Ionic Movement on RMP ..................................................................................................................... 33
Membrane Potential and Electrochemical Potential ......................................................................................... 33
Lecture 6: Action Potentials ................................................................................................. 35
Basic Steps ................................................................................................................................... 35
Phase 1: Depolarization ...................................................................................................................................... 35
Phase 2: Repolarization ...................................................................................................................................... 35
Phase 3: Readjustment ....................................................................................................................................... 35
, 3
Conducting Impulses .................................................................................................................... 37
Action Potentials................................................................................................................................................. 37
Voltage Sensitive Channels ................................................................................................................................. 37
Conduction of Nerve Impulses ........................................................................................................................... 37
Role of Myelin ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
Axonal AP Regeneration ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Action Potential Summary............................................................................................................ 38
Sensory Cell Converts Stimulus into NTs ............................................................................................................ 38
Compound Action Potentials .............................................................................................................................. 38
Properties of Graded Potentials ......................................................................................................................... 39
Clinical Applications ............................................................................................................................................ 39
Lecture 7: Synaptic Transmission .......................................................................................... 40
Synapses...................................................................................................................................... 40
............................................................................................................................................................................ 40
Sensory Synapses................................................................................................................................................ 40
Sensory Transduction: Stimuli ............................................................................................................................ 41
Taste ................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Hearing/Vision .................................................................................................................................................... 41
Communication Across Synapse – Synaptic Transmission .............................................................. 42
Neurotransmitters .............................................................................................................................................. 42
Major Neurotransmitter in the Body ................................................................................................................. 43
Synaptic Transmission – Signal Termination ...................................................................................................... 43
Synaptic Transmission and Anti-Depressants .................................................................................................... 43
Calcispetine Blocks Ca2+ Channels ...................................................................................................................... 44
Neuro-Muscular Junction (Motor-End Plate) ................................................................................. 44
Synaptic Transmission .................................................................................................................. 44
Neural Control of a Finger Muscle...................................................................................................................... 44
Post-Synaptic Potentials............................................................................................................... 45
Convergence ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Summation ......................................................................................................................................................... 46
Neurotoxins Block Nerve Function ................................................................................................ 46
Lecture 8: The Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) ...................................................................... 48
Overview of Events at the Neuromuscular Junction (NMG) ........................................................... 48
Details of SNARE Proteins............................................................................................................. 49
Summary of SNARE Protein Function ................................................................................................................. 49
Miniature End Palate Potentials (mEPP) – Quantal Nature of Neurotransmitter Release ................ 50
Vesicle Recycling ................................................................................................................................................. 50
Muscle Action Potential ............................................................................................................... 50
Alterations of the NMJ – Disease and Health ..................................................................................................... 50
Lecture 9: Skeletal Muscles .................................................................................................. 51
Structure of Skeletal Muscles ....................................................................................................... 51
Skeletal Muscle Sarcomeres ............................................................................................................................... 51
Thin and Thick Filament...................................................................................................................................... 51
