BIOS 252 EXAM 1 ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY II FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION> CHAMBERLAIN
COLLEGE OF NURSING
1. Skeletal Muscle - ANSWER ✓ striated, voluntary, no intercalated discs,
multinucleated
2. Cardiac Muscle - ANSWER ✓ striated, involuntary, intercalated discs,
uninucleated
3. Smooth Muscle - ANSWER ✓ non-striated, involuntary, no intercalated
discs, uninucleated
4. 4 major functions of muscles - ANSWER ✓ produce body movement,
stabilize positions, store and move substances, generate heat
5. 4 properties of muscles - ANSWER ✓ electrical excitability, contractility,
extensibility, elasticity
6. Electrical Excitability - ANSWER ✓ ability to respond to a stimulus and
convert it to an action potential
7. Contractility - ANSWER ✓ ability to shorten
8. Extensibility - ANSWER ✓ ability to stretch without tearing to a certain
degree
,9. Elasticity - ANSWER ✓ ability to return to resting length after contracting
or stretching
10.Organization of Skeletal Muscle from largest to smallest - ANSWER ✓
skeletal muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, microfilament
11.Organization of Skeletal Muscle from smallest to largest - ANSWER ✓
microfilament, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, skeletal muscle
12.Sarcomere - ANSWER ✓ contractile unit of a muscle fiber
13.sarcolemma - ANSWER ✓ plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
14.sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER ✓ specialized endoplasmic reticulum of
muscle cells that stores calcium
15.z-disc - ANSWER ✓ coin-shaped sheet of proteins that anchors the thin
filaments and connects myofibrils to one another
16.m-line - ANSWER ✓ middle of sarcomere
17.a band - ANSWER ✓ dark area; extends length of the thick filaments
(myosin)
18.i band - ANSWER ✓ light area; thin myofilaments only (z disc is center of i
band)
19.zone of overlap - ANSWER ✓ the densest, darkest area on a light
micrograph
where thick and thin filaments overlap
20.thick filament - ANSWER ✓ myosin
21.thin filament - ANSWER ✓ actin
22.Endomysium - ANSWER ✓ thin sleeve of loose connective tissue around
each fiber
,23.Perimysium - ANSWER ✓ thicker layer of connective tissue that wraps
fasicles
24.fascicles - ANSWER ✓ bundles of muscle fibers wrapped together
25.Epiysium - ANSWER ✓ surrounds entire muscle
26.fascia - ANSWER ✓ sheet, band
27.prime mover (agonist) - ANSWER ✓ muscle producing most of the force
during a particular action
28.synergist - ANSWER ✓ muscle that aids the prime mover
29.antagonist - ANSWER ✓ muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover
30.fixator - ANSWER ✓ muscles that prevent movement of bone
31.biceps brachii _____ tricep - ANSWER ✓ antagonist
32.biceps brachii - ANSWER ✓ flexes forearm
33.tricep - ANSWER ✓ extension
34.quadracips and hamstrings - ANSWER ✓ antagonist
35.Quadriceps - ANSWER ✓ extension of knee
36.hamstrings - ANSWER ✓ flexion of knee
37.temporalis - ANSWER ✓ elevates and retracts mandible
38.frontalis - ANSWER ✓ draws scalp anteriorly and posteriorly
39.Three fundamental physiological properties of neurons, or nerve cells -
ANSWER ✓ Excitability
, Conductivity
Secretion
40.CNS - ANSWER ✓ brain and spinal cord
41.PNS - ANSWER ✓ Cranial nerves and spinal nerves (nerves and sensory
receptors)
42.somatic nervous system - ANSWER ✓ division of PNS
skeletal muscles (muscles attached to our bones). Diaphragm is somatic
because it is skeletal but it is inside the body.
43.autonomic nervous system - ANSWER ✓ division of PNS
smooth (intestines, blood vessels) and cardiac (heart muscles) muscles,
glands (cells or many cells that can synthesize and secrete molecules to the
body)
44.sympathetic nervous system - ANSWER ✓ division of ANS
fight or flight. NOREPINEPHRINE. Ganglia closer to spinal cord.
45.parasympathetic nervous system - ANSWER ✓ division of ANS
rest and digest. ACETYLCHOLINE. Ganglia closer to organs
46.Are thermoreceptors part of the PNS or CNS? - ANSWER ✓ PNS
47.A child eats a whole bottle of salt (NaCl) tablets. What effect does this have
on the resting membrane potential? - ANSWER ✓ because there is already a
high concentration of Na+ ions outside of the neuron and eating the salt
tablets won't really make a difference to the concentration gradient. (taking a
handful of sand and pouring it on the beach analogy)
48.Why are potassium ions the major factors that determine the resting
membrane potential? - ANSWER ✓ Potassium ions have the greatest
influence on the RMP because the plasma membrane is more permeable to
potassium than to any other ion (leak channels)
49.Leak channels - ANSWER ✓ these help to maintain resting membrane
potential because sodium and potassium can leak out slowly. Leak channels
PHYSIOLOGY II FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION> CHAMBERLAIN
COLLEGE OF NURSING
1. Skeletal Muscle - ANSWER ✓ striated, voluntary, no intercalated discs,
multinucleated
2. Cardiac Muscle - ANSWER ✓ striated, involuntary, intercalated discs,
uninucleated
3. Smooth Muscle - ANSWER ✓ non-striated, involuntary, no intercalated
discs, uninucleated
4. 4 major functions of muscles - ANSWER ✓ produce body movement,
stabilize positions, store and move substances, generate heat
5. 4 properties of muscles - ANSWER ✓ electrical excitability, contractility,
extensibility, elasticity
6. Electrical Excitability - ANSWER ✓ ability to respond to a stimulus and
convert it to an action potential
7. Contractility - ANSWER ✓ ability to shorten
8. Extensibility - ANSWER ✓ ability to stretch without tearing to a certain
degree
,9. Elasticity - ANSWER ✓ ability to return to resting length after contracting
or stretching
10.Organization of Skeletal Muscle from largest to smallest - ANSWER ✓
skeletal muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, microfilament
11.Organization of Skeletal Muscle from smallest to largest - ANSWER ✓
microfilament, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, skeletal muscle
12.Sarcomere - ANSWER ✓ contractile unit of a muscle fiber
13.sarcolemma - ANSWER ✓ plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
14.sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER ✓ specialized endoplasmic reticulum of
muscle cells that stores calcium
15.z-disc - ANSWER ✓ coin-shaped sheet of proteins that anchors the thin
filaments and connects myofibrils to one another
16.m-line - ANSWER ✓ middle of sarcomere
17.a band - ANSWER ✓ dark area; extends length of the thick filaments
(myosin)
18.i band - ANSWER ✓ light area; thin myofilaments only (z disc is center of i
band)
19.zone of overlap - ANSWER ✓ the densest, darkest area on a light
micrograph
where thick and thin filaments overlap
20.thick filament - ANSWER ✓ myosin
21.thin filament - ANSWER ✓ actin
22.Endomysium - ANSWER ✓ thin sleeve of loose connective tissue around
each fiber
,23.Perimysium - ANSWER ✓ thicker layer of connective tissue that wraps
fasicles
24.fascicles - ANSWER ✓ bundles of muscle fibers wrapped together
25.Epiysium - ANSWER ✓ surrounds entire muscle
26.fascia - ANSWER ✓ sheet, band
27.prime mover (agonist) - ANSWER ✓ muscle producing most of the force
during a particular action
28.synergist - ANSWER ✓ muscle that aids the prime mover
29.antagonist - ANSWER ✓ muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover
30.fixator - ANSWER ✓ muscles that prevent movement of bone
31.biceps brachii _____ tricep - ANSWER ✓ antagonist
32.biceps brachii - ANSWER ✓ flexes forearm
33.tricep - ANSWER ✓ extension
34.quadracips and hamstrings - ANSWER ✓ antagonist
35.Quadriceps - ANSWER ✓ extension of knee
36.hamstrings - ANSWER ✓ flexion of knee
37.temporalis - ANSWER ✓ elevates and retracts mandible
38.frontalis - ANSWER ✓ draws scalp anteriorly and posteriorly
39.Three fundamental physiological properties of neurons, or nerve cells -
ANSWER ✓ Excitability
, Conductivity
Secretion
40.CNS - ANSWER ✓ brain and spinal cord
41.PNS - ANSWER ✓ Cranial nerves and spinal nerves (nerves and sensory
receptors)
42.somatic nervous system - ANSWER ✓ division of PNS
skeletal muscles (muscles attached to our bones). Diaphragm is somatic
because it is skeletal but it is inside the body.
43.autonomic nervous system - ANSWER ✓ division of PNS
smooth (intestines, blood vessels) and cardiac (heart muscles) muscles,
glands (cells or many cells that can synthesize and secrete molecules to the
body)
44.sympathetic nervous system - ANSWER ✓ division of ANS
fight or flight. NOREPINEPHRINE. Ganglia closer to spinal cord.
45.parasympathetic nervous system - ANSWER ✓ division of ANS
rest and digest. ACETYLCHOLINE. Ganglia closer to organs
46.Are thermoreceptors part of the PNS or CNS? - ANSWER ✓ PNS
47.A child eats a whole bottle of salt (NaCl) tablets. What effect does this have
on the resting membrane potential? - ANSWER ✓ because there is already a
high concentration of Na+ ions outside of the neuron and eating the salt
tablets won't really make a difference to the concentration gradient. (taking a
handful of sand and pouring it on the beach analogy)
48.Why are potassium ions the major factors that determine the resting
membrane potential? - ANSWER ✓ Potassium ions have the greatest
influence on the RMP because the plasma membrane is more permeable to
potassium than to any other ion (leak channels)
49.Leak channels - ANSWER ✓ these help to maintain resting membrane
potential because sodium and potassium can leak out slowly. Leak channels
