,1 | The Study of Life 1
Table of Contents – Part 1
1 | The Study of Life................................................................................................................1
Review Questions......................................................................................................................................................1
Critical Thinking Questions........................................................................................................................................4
Test Prep for AP® Courses.........................................................................................................................................6
2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life........................................................................................9
Review Questions......................................................................................................................................................9
Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................14
Test Prep for AP® Courses.......................................................................................................................................18
Science Practice Challenge Questions.....................................................................................................................20
3 | Biological Macromolecules...............................................................................................25
Review Questions....................................................................................................................................................25
Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................34
Test Prep for AP® Courses.......................................................................................................................................41
Science Practice Challenge Questions.....................................................................................................................48
4 | Cell Structure...................................................................................................................58
Review Questions....................................................................................................................................................58
Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................65
Test Prep for AP® Courses.......................................................................................................................................71
Science Practice Challenge Questions.....................................................................................................................76
5 | Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes.................................................................85
Review Questions....................................................................................................................................................86
Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................89
Test Prep for AP® Courses.......................................................................................................................................95
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................101
6 | Metabolism....................................................................................................................105
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,2 1 | The Study of Life
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................105
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................114
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................121
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................125
7 | Cellular Respiration........................................................................................................136
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................136
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................143
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................149
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................155
8 | Photosynthesis...............................................................................................................163
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................163
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................169
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................173
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................179
9 | Cell Communication.......................................................................................................186
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................186
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................191
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................197
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................201
10 | Cell Reproduction.........................................................................................................208
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................208
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................213
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,1 | The Study of Life 3
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................218
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................225
11 | Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction.................................................................................229
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................229
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................232
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................237
Science Practice Challenge Questions.........................................................................................................................
12 | Mendel's Experiments and Heredity.............................................................................240
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................240
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................246
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................249
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................254
13| Modern Understandings of Inheritance.........................................................................265
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................265
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................268
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................270
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................275
14 | DNA Structure and Function.........................................................................................280
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................280
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................291
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................303
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................312
15 | Genes and Proteins ......................................................................................................320
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................320
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................326
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,4 1 | The Study of Life
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................332
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................336
16 | Gene Regulation...........................................................................................................346
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................346
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................352
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................359
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................367
17 | Biotechnology and Genomics.......................................................................................369
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................369
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................376
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................381
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................384
18 | Evolution and Origin of Species....................................................................................389
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................389
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................395
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................404
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................423
19 | The Evolution of Populations........................................................................................434
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................434
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................438
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................444
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................452
20 | Evolutionary Relationships of Life on Earth .................................................................. 459
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................459
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................466
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,1 | The Study of Life 5
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................469
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................479
21 | Viruses.........................................................................................................................486
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................486
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................493
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................498
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................504
22 | Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea...............................................................................510
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................510
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................520
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................531
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................542
23 | Plant Form and Physiology...........................................................................................553
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................553
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................570
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................582
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................590
24 | The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function..................................................................602
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................602
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................607
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................612
25 | Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System .................................................................. 623
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................623
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................631
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................639
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................650
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,6 1 | The Study of Life
26 | The Nervous System.....................................................................................................652
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................652
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................654
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................657
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................668
27 | Sensory Systems...........................................................................................................680
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................680
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................688
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................696
28 | The Endocrine System..................................................................................................701
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................701
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................710
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................717
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................725
29 | The Musculoskeletal System ........................................................................................ 731
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................731
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................738
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................743
30 | The Respiratory System................................................................................................748
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................748
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................753
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................758
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................764
31 | The Circulatory System.................................................................................................766
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................766
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................776
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,1 | The Study of Life 7
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................780
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................785
32 | Osmotic Regulation and Excretion................................................................................791
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................791
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................798
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................807
33 | The Immune System.....................................................................................................823
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................823
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................831
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................838
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................848
34 | Animal Reproduction and Development.......................................................................852
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................852
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................861
Test Prep for AP ® Courses....................................................................................................................................869
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................878
1 | THE STUDY OF LIFE
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1 What is a suggested and testable explanation for an event called?
A Discovery
B Hypothesis
C Scientific method
D Theory
Solution The solution is (B). A hypothesis is a testable explanation for an event.
2 Which branch of science is NOT considered a natural science?
A Astronomy
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,8 1 | The Study of Life
B Biology
C Computer science
D Physics
Solution The solution is (C). Computer science is a practical and scientific approach to
computation and its application. It is not considered a natural science.
3 What is the name for the formal process through which scientific research is checked for
originality, significance, and quality before being accepted into the scientific literature?
A Publication
B Public speaking
C Peer review
D Scientific method
Solution The solution is (C). Peer review is the process in which scientific papers are reviewed
by experts in the scientist’s field to ensure that a scientist’s research is original,
significant, logical, and thorough.
4 What are (i) two topics that are likely to be studied by biologists and (ii) two areas of
scientific study that would fall outside the realm of biology?
A (i) diseases affecting humans, pollution affecting species’ habitat; (ii) calculating
surface area of rectangular ground, functioning of planetary orbits
B (i) calculating surface area of rectangular ground, functioning of planetary orbits;
(ii) formation of metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
, 1 | The Study of Life 9
C (i) plant responses to external stimuli, functioning of planetary orbits; (ii) formation of
metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution
D (i) plant responses to external stimuli, study of the shape and motion of physical
objects; (ii) formation of metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution
Solution The solution is (A). Diseases affecting humans and pollution affecting species are two
topics that can be studied by biologists, while calculating the surface area of a
rectangular plot of land and the function of planetary orbits are two topics that fall
outside of the realm of biology.
5 Which statement is an example of deductive reasoning?
A Most swimming animals use fins; therefore, fins are an adaptation to swimming.
B Mitochondria are inherited from the mother; therefore, maternally inherited traits are
encoded by mitochondrial DNA.
C Small animals lose more heat than larger animals. One would not expect to find wild
mice in the North and South Poles.
D Water conservation is a major requirement to survive in the desert. Large leaves
increase loss of water by evaporation. Therefore, desert plants should have smaller
leaves.
Solution The solution is (D). Water conservation is a major requirement to survive in the
desert. On plants, broad, thin leaves lose more water to evaporation than smaller,
thicker leaves. Therefore, desert plants should have smaller leaves. The answer best
demonstrates how a general principle or law is used to forecast specific results.
6 Why are viruses NOT considered living?
A Viruses are not made of cells.
B Viruses do not have genetic material.
C Viruses have DNA and RNA.
D Viruses are obligate parasites and require a host.
Solution The solution is (A). Viruses are not made up of cells. They are made up of DNA or
RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Biologists characterize living organisms as being
composed of cells.
7 The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of what?
A Bacteria
B Eukaryotic cells
C All living organisms
D Prokaryotic cells
Solution The solution is (B). Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-
bound nucleus.
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
Table of Contents – Part 1
1 | The Study of Life................................................................................................................1
Review Questions......................................................................................................................................................1
Critical Thinking Questions........................................................................................................................................4
Test Prep for AP® Courses.........................................................................................................................................6
2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life........................................................................................9
Review Questions......................................................................................................................................................9
Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................14
Test Prep for AP® Courses.......................................................................................................................................18
Science Practice Challenge Questions.....................................................................................................................20
3 | Biological Macromolecules...............................................................................................25
Review Questions....................................................................................................................................................25
Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................34
Test Prep for AP® Courses.......................................................................................................................................41
Science Practice Challenge Questions.....................................................................................................................48
4 | Cell Structure...................................................................................................................58
Review Questions....................................................................................................................................................58
Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................65
Test Prep for AP® Courses.......................................................................................................................................71
Science Practice Challenge Questions.....................................................................................................................76
5 | Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes.................................................................85
Review Questions....................................................................................................................................................86
Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................89
Test Prep for AP® Courses.......................................................................................................................................95
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................101
6 | Metabolism....................................................................................................................105
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,2 1 | The Study of Life
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................105
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................114
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................121
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................125
7 | Cellular Respiration........................................................................................................136
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................136
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................143
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................149
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................155
8 | Photosynthesis...............................................................................................................163
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................163
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................169
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................173
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................179
9 | Cell Communication.......................................................................................................186
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................186
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................191
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................197
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................201
10 | Cell Reproduction.........................................................................................................208
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................208
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................213
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,1 | The Study of Life 3
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................218
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................225
11 | Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction.................................................................................229
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................229
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................232
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................237
Science Practice Challenge Questions.........................................................................................................................
12 | Mendel's Experiments and Heredity.............................................................................240
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................240
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................246
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................249
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................254
13| Modern Understandings of Inheritance.........................................................................265
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................265
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................268
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................270
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................275
14 | DNA Structure and Function.........................................................................................280
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................280
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................291
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................303
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................312
15 | Genes and Proteins ......................................................................................................320
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................320
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................326
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,4 1 | The Study of Life
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................332
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................336
16 | Gene Regulation...........................................................................................................346
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................346
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................352
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................359
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................367
17 | Biotechnology and Genomics.......................................................................................369
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................369
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................376
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................381
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................384
18 | Evolution and Origin of Species....................................................................................389
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................389
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................395
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................404
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................423
19 | The Evolution of Populations........................................................................................434
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................434
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................438
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................444
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................452
20 | Evolutionary Relationships of Life on Earth .................................................................. 459
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................459
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................466
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,1 | The Study of Life 5
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................469
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................479
21 | Viruses.........................................................................................................................486
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................486
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................493
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................498
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................504
22 | Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea...............................................................................510
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................510
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................520
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................531
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................542
23 | Plant Form and Physiology...........................................................................................553
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................553
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................570
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................582
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................590
24 | The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function..................................................................602
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................602
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................607
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................612
25 | Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System .................................................................. 623
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................623
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................631
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................639
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................650
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,6 1 | The Study of Life
26 | The Nervous System.....................................................................................................652
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................652
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................654
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................657
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................668
27 | Sensory Systems...........................................................................................................680
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................680
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................688
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................696
28 | The Endocrine System..................................................................................................701
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................701
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................710
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................717
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................725
29 | The Musculoskeletal System ........................................................................................ 731
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................731
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................738
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................743
30 | The Respiratory System................................................................................................748
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................748
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................753
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................758
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................764
31 | The Circulatory System.................................................................................................766
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................766
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................776
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,1 | The Study of Life 7
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................780
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................785
32 | Osmotic Regulation and Excretion................................................................................791
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................791
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................798
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................807
33 | The Immune System.....................................................................................................823
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................823
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................831
Test Prep for AP® Courses.....................................................................................................................................838
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................848
34 | Animal Reproduction and Development.......................................................................852
Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................852
Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................861
Test Prep for AP ® Courses....................................................................................................................................869
Science Practice Challenge Questions...................................................................................................................878
1 | THE STUDY OF LIFE
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1 What is a suggested and testable explanation for an event called?
A Discovery
B Hypothesis
C Scientific method
D Theory
Solution The solution is (B). A hypothesis is a testable explanation for an event.
2 Which branch of science is NOT considered a natural science?
A Astronomy
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
,8 1 | The Study of Life
B Biology
C Computer science
D Physics
Solution The solution is (C). Computer science is a practical and scientific approach to
computation and its application. It is not considered a natural science.
3 What is the name for the formal process through which scientific research is checked for
originality, significance, and quality before being accepted into the scientific literature?
A Publication
B Public speaking
C Peer review
D Scientific method
Solution The solution is (C). Peer review is the process in which scientific papers are reviewed
by experts in the scientist’s field to ensure that a scientist’s research is original,
significant, logical, and thorough.
4 What are (i) two topics that are likely to be studied by biologists and (ii) two areas of
scientific study that would fall outside the realm of biology?
A (i) diseases affecting humans, pollution affecting species’ habitat; (ii) calculating
surface area of rectangular ground, functioning of planetary orbits
B (i) calculating surface area of rectangular ground, functioning of planetary orbits;
(ii) formation of metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
, 1 | The Study of Life 9
C (i) plant responses to external stimuli, functioning of planetary orbits; (ii) formation of
metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution
D (i) plant responses to external stimuli, study of the shape and motion of physical
objects; (ii) formation of metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution
Solution The solution is (A). Diseases affecting humans and pollution affecting species are two
topics that can be studied by biologists, while calculating the surface area of a
rectangular plot of land and the function of planetary orbits are two topics that fall
outside of the realm of biology.
5 Which statement is an example of deductive reasoning?
A Most swimming animals use fins; therefore, fins are an adaptation to swimming.
B Mitochondria are inherited from the mother; therefore, maternally inherited traits are
encoded by mitochondrial DNA.
C Small animals lose more heat than larger animals. One would not expect to find wild
mice in the North and South Poles.
D Water conservation is a major requirement to survive in the desert. Large leaves
increase loss of water by evaporation. Therefore, desert plants should have smaller
leaves.
Solution The solution is (D). Water conservation is a major requirement to survive in the
desert. On plants, broad, thin leaves lose more water to evaporation than smaller,
thicker leaves. Therefore, desert plants should have smaller leaves. The answer best
demonstrates how a general principle or law is used to forecast specific results.
6 Why are viruses NOT considered living?
A Viruses are not made of cells.
B Viruses do not have genetic material.
C Viruses have DNA and RNA.
D Viruses are obligate parasites and require a host.
Solution The solution is (A). Viruses are not made up of cells. They are made up of DNA or
RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Biologists characterize living organisms as being
composed of cells.
7 The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of what?
A Bacteria
B Eukaryotic cells
C All living organisms
D Prokaryotic cells
Solution The solution is (B). Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-
bound nucleus.
Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual
