Disease:- Disease is abnormal condition of the body due to entry of foreign antigen,
which is attack on the body tissue/cells. Infected tissue/cells are performed the
abnormal function. Examples:- Tuberculosis disease.
Disorder:- After long time, body tissue/cells are perform the abnormal function due to
your styles. This condition is called disorder. Example:- hypertension.
Lesion:- lesion is a characteristics changes into tissue/cells produced through disease.
Pathology:- (study of disease) Pathology is a study of structural & functional changes
in disease condition.
Pathogenesis (how of disease):- to study of mechanism/pathway of development /
evaluation/progressive of disease.
Pathophysiology:
Etiology (why of disease):- to study of causal factors responsible for the lesion of
disease.
Manifestation:- Manifestation is a changes observed during disease process.
Signs:- in the manifestation of disease, the identifiable changes is called signs.
Symptoms:- Symptoms is subjective feeling, which is only reported by patients.
Pharmacotherapeutics:- Pharmacotherapeutics is a branch of pharmacology, which is
deals with therapeutics used & effect of drugs.
Scope:-
To increase the knowledge/skill, which are necessary for safe use & distribution
of medicine.
Improve the understanding level of pharmacist.
To understanding of Pathophysiology & management of common disease.
To clear the basic information related to pathological/diagnosis process.
Rational use of medicine:- rational use of medicine as “ patients receive the right
medicine, right dose administered by right route at right duration of medicine,
according to their clinical needs.
Irrational use of medicine:-
Unnecessary uses of antibiotics.
, Self-medication
Poly-pharmacy
Incorrect dose
Incorrect route of administration
Selection of wrong medicine.
Reason/causes for irrational use of medicine.
Lack of information about medicine.
Demand of patients.
OTC drug/ self-medication
Promotion of pharmaceutical industries.
Hurry/fast dispensing of drugs.
Evidence based medicine:- evidence based medicine is a systematically approach to
medicines, in which doctor & other health care professionals are used the current, best
scientific evidence from clinical research to make the decision of treatment of specific
patients.
Importance/ significance of evidence based medicine:
To provide/maintain quality medical care.
To provide cost-effective medical care.
Also help in updating of doctors & other medical staffs.
To promote/identify of quality treatment process & elimination the
ineffective/harmful process.
Standard treatment guidelines: standard treatment guidelines are systematically
develop statement design to doctors & patients, which is help to taking decision related
to healthcare for specific clinical process.
Advantages:-
To provide the standard guidelines to doctors.
To improve the quality of care by doctors.
To provide more effective therapy.
To help in making of list of essential medicines.
To provide valuable assistance to all practioner.
To provide concentrate in correct diagnosis process.
,Disadvantages:
Inaccurate /incomplete guideline will provide wrong information, which is
harmful for patients.
To development/ implementation of STGs are very difficult (time consuming
process).
Update of STGs is essential from time to time.
Hypertension
Hypertension (silent killer) is disease state in which increase the diastolic blood pressure &
increase the systolic blood pressure.
Normal range of blood pressure 120/80 mm of Hg.
Types of hypertension
1. Primary (essential) hypertension:- 90-95% population are suffer from primary
hypertension. Primary hypertension cause by multiple factors like exercise, physical work,
stress.
2. Secondary hypertension:- Secondary hypertension is caused by complication of other
disease. Example:- kidney damage, cancer of adrenal medulla, hyperthyroidism, obesity,
cardiac disease
Etiology
Renal problem: Renal failure, renal tumor, nephritis.
Endocrine problem: hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), hypothyroidism (myxedema),
acromegaly.
Cardiac problem: increase cardiac output, ragidity of aorta.
Neurological problem: stress, increase intra-cranial pressure, surgery.
Some Pathophysiological factors increase the risk of hypertension.
Long term intake sodium diet.
Obesity
Smoking
Increase the activity of sympathetic nervous system.
Over production of aldosterone.
Diabetes mellitus
Pathogenesis
1. Vasoconstriction due to renin angiotensin aldosterone system:- RAAS system is
performed the vasoconstriction, increase heart rate & water/Na+ retention, which is increase
the blood pressure.
2. Increase blood volume:- high blood volume caused hypertension.
, 3. Stress stimulate of sympathetic nervous system:- Sympathetic nervous system increase
the heart rate & cardiac contraction, which is increase the blood pressure.
4. Natriuretic factors (Atrial-natriuretic factors)-
Clinical manifestation (symptoms)
Severe headache, Dizziness, fatigue, Nose bleeding, Tiredness.
Severe hypertension can cause the severe cardio, neurological, renal & retinal symptoms
(heart failure, cheat pain, renal failure, Retinopathy (eye pain).
Diagnosis test:- hypertension is measure by sphygmomanometer device.
Non-pharmacological treatment
Diet changes:
To take healthy diet
To reduce the sodium/salted diet
To reduce the oil/fatty diet.
Doctor recommends a food plan for hypertension patient is known as DIETARY APPROACHES
TO STOP HYPERTENSION (DASH) to help in maintain of normal blood pressure.
Exercise
To reduce the body weight
To maintain the body weight.
Normal physical activity (Aerobics, cardio)
Stress management
Stress reduce through exercise
Stress reduce through meditation, yoga, music.
Change the life style:
Continue monitor of blood pressure.
To maintain blood sugar level.
To avoid smoking.
To avoid alcohol.
Pharmacological treatment
1. Diuretics drugs: - These drugs increase the urine outflow with inhibit the sodium
reabsorption. Example: - Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide.
2. ACE inhibitors: - These drugs inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme in lung & prevent
the formation angiotensin-II & prevent the vasoconstriction. Example:- Captopril,
Ramipril, Enalapril.
3. Beta-blockers:- These drugs reduce the contraction of heart. Example:- Propranolol,
Atenolol.
4. Alpha-blockers:- These drugs is performed the vasodilation on peripheral blood vessels.
Example: - Prazosin, Terazosin.
which is attack on the body tissue/cells. Infected tissue/cells are performed the
abnormal function. Examples:- Tuberculosis disease.
Disorder:- After long time, body tissue/cells are perform the abnormal function due to
your styles. This condition is called disorder. Example:- hypertension.
Lesion:- lesion is a characteristics changes into tissue/cells produced through disease.
Pathology:- (study of disease) Pathology is a study of structural & functional changes
in disease condition.
Pathogenesis (how of disease):- to study of mechanism/pathway of development /
evaluation/progressive of disease.
Pathophysiology:
Etiology (why of disease):- to study of causal factors responsible for the lesion of
disease.
Manifestation:- Manifestation is a changes observed during disease process.
Signs:- in the manifestation of disease, the identifiable changes is called signs.
Symptoms:- Symptoms is subjective feeling, which is only reported by patients.
Pharmacotherapeutics:- Pharmacotherapeutics is a branch of pharmacology, which is
deals with therapeutics used & effect of drugs.
Scope:-
To increase the knowledge/skill, which are necessary for safe use & distribution
of medicine.
Improve the understanding level of pharmacist.
To understanding of Pathophysiology & management of common disease.
To clear the basic information related to pathological/diagnosis process.
Rational use of medicine:- rational use of medicine as “ patients receive the right
medicine, right dose administered by right route at right duration of medicine,
according to their clinical needs.
Irrational use of medicine:-
Unnecessary uses of antibiotics.
, Self-medication
Poly-pharmacy
Incorrect dose
Incorrect route of administration
Selection of wrong medicine.
Reason/causes for irrational use of medicine.
Lack of information about medicine.
Demand of patients.
OTC drug/ self-medication
Promotion of pharmaceutical industries.
Hurry/fast dispensing of drugs.
Evidence based medicine:- evidence based medicine is a systematically approach to
medicines, in which doctor & other health care professionals are used the current, best
scientific evidence from clinical research to make the decision of treatment of specific
patients.
Importance/ significance of evidence based medicine:
To provide/maintain quality medical care.
To provide cost-effective medical care.
Also help in updating of doctors & other medical staffs.
To promote/identify of quality treatment process & elimination the
ineffective/harmful process.
Standard treatment guidelines: standard treatment guidelines are systematically
develop statement design to doctors & patients, which is help to taking decision related
to healthcare for specific clinical process.
Advantages:-
To provide the standard guidelines to doctors.
To improve the quality of care by doctors.
To provide more effective therapy.
To help in making of list of essential medicines.
To provide valuable assistance to all practioner.
To provide concentrate in correct diagnosis process.
,Disadvantages:
Inaccurate /incomplete guideline will provide wrong information, which is
harmful for patients.
To development/ implementation of STGs are very difficult (time consuming
process).
Update of STGs is essential from time to time.
Hypertension
Hypertension (silent killer) is disease state in which increase the diastolic blood pressure &
increase the systolic blood pressure.
Normal range of blood pressure 120/80 mm of Hg.
Types of hypertension
1. Primary (essential) hypertension:- 90-95% population are suffer from primary
hypertension. Primary hypertension cause by multiple factors like exercise, physical work,
stress.
2. Secondary hypertension:- Secondary hypertension is caused by complication of other
disease. Example:- kidney damage, cancer of adrenal medulla, hyperthyroidism, obesity,
cardiac disease
Etiology
Renal problem: Renal failure, renal tumor, nephritis.
Endocrine problem: hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), hypothyroidism (myxedema),
acromegaly.
Cardiac problem: increase cardiac output, ragidity of aorta.
Neurological problem: stress, increase intra-cranial pressure, surgery.
Some Pathophysiological factors increase the risk of hypertension.
Long term intake sodium diet.
Obesity
Smoking
Increase the activity of sympathetic nervous system.
Over production of aldosterone.
Diabetes mellitus
Pathogenesis
1. Vasoconstriction due to renin angiotensin aldosterone system:- RAAS system is
performed the vasoconstriction, increase heart rate & water/Na+ retention, which is increase
the blood pressure.
2. Increase blood volume:- high blood volume caused hypertension.
, 3. Stress stimulate of sympathetic nervous system:- Sympathetic nervous system increase
the heart rate & cardiac contraction, which is increase the blood pressure.
4. Natriuretic factors (Atrial-natriuretic factors)-
Clinical manifestation (symptoms)
Severe headache, Dizziness, fatigue, Nose bleeding, Tiredness.
Severe hypertension can cause the severe cardio, neurological, renal & retinal symptoms
(heart failure, cheat pain, renal failure, Retinopathy (eye pain).
Diagnosis test:- hypertension is measure by sphygmomanometer device.
Non-pharmacological treatment
Diet changes:
To take healthy diet
To reduce the sodium/salted diet
To reduce the oil/fatty diet.
Doctor recommends a food plan for hypertension patient is known as DIETARY APPROACHES
TO STOP HYPERTENSION (DASH) to help in maintain of normal blood pressure.
Exercise
To reduce the body weight
To maintain the body weight.
Normal physical activity (Aerobics, cardio)
Stress management
Stress reduce through exercise
Stress reduce through meditation, yoga, music.
Change the life style:
Continue monitor of blood pressure.
To maintain blood sugar level.
To avoid smoking.
To avoid alcohol.
Pharmacological treatment
1. Diuretics drugs: - These drugs increase the urine outflow with inhibit the sodium
reabsorption. Example: - Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide.
2. ACE inhibitors: - These drugs inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme in lung & prevent
the formation angiotensin-II & prevent the vasoconstriction. Example:- Captopril,
Ramipril, Enalapril.
3. Beta-blockers:- These drugs reduce the contraction of heart. Example:- Propranolol,
Atenolol.
4. Alpha-blockers:- These drugs is performed the vasodilation on peripheral blood vessels.
Example: - Prazosin, Terazosin.
