CPA: ISC S2 EXAM 2025 WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS
IT Infrastructure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Multiple, interconnected technological components,
with the core infrastructure involving a combination of on-premise and outsourced hardware,
software, and specialized personnel
Computer Hardware - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔computer, physical components of computer,
external peripheral devices. May include end-user devices (laptop)
End User Devices - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Devices directly used by individuals for tasks.
Internal Computer Hardware - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Internal computer hardware refers to the
physical components inside a computer case that work together to perform computing tasks.
(microprocessors, graphics/sound cards, hard drives)
External Computer Hardware - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔do not need to be integrated into
machine itself. (computer mice, keyboard, speaker, microphone)
Infrastructure Housing - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The facilities and the safeguards on those
facilities that contain hardware (advanced security system, ventilation)
Network Infrastructure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔actual hardware, software, and networking
components that support the processing and transfer of information
Modems - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Connect a network to an internet service provider's network.
This is the device that brings the internet into the home/office
,Routers - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔manage network traffic by connecting devices to form a
network. Act as a link between modem and organization's switches
Switches - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔similar to router, but not as advanced (does not assign IP
address)
Gateways - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔computer/advice that acts as an intermediary between
different networks. Transforms data from one protocol into another so that information can
flow between networks
Edge-Enabled Device - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔allow computing, storage, networking functions
closer to the devices where data/system request originates, rather than distant central location
Servers - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔physical/virtual machines that coordinate computers, programs,
data that are part of the network.
Firewalls - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔hardware, software, or both designed to prevent unauthorized
persons from accessing electronic information
Basic Packet-Filtering Firewalls - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔work to analyze network traffic that is
transmitted in packets, determine if firewall storage can accept the data, can be set to only
allow trusted sources (IP)
circuit-level gateway - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔verify source of packet and meet rules/policy set
by security team
Application level gateway - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔actively inspects the contents of packets ;
resource intensive, slow-moving
, Network Address Translation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔assigns an internal network address to
specific, approved external sources so that those sources are approved to be inside firewall
Stateful multilayer inspection - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔combination of packet-filtering and
network address translation
Next-Gen Firewall - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔assign different firewall rules to different
applications/users
Network Infrastructure Physical Layout (Topology) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔physical layout of
equipment in a network, which is essential in understanding how to engineer the network for
optimal performance
Bus Topology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔linear or tree form ; each node is connected to a single
line of cable ; signal interference is a concern. Fix it by terminating cables. if central line is
compromised, whole system goes offline
Mesh Topology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔full mesh or partial mesh ; numerous connections
between nodes with all nodes being connected (full mesh) or only some being connected
(partial mesh). High cost to maintain, allows for more traffic
Ring Topology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔uni-directional or multi-directional ; nodes are connected
in a circular path ; when data is transferred to a destination device, it first must go through
every other device. Data transmission collision risk is reduced, results in slow network
performance
Star Topology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔data passes through a central hub that acts as
switch/server. There could be multiple hubs. This topology makes it easier to find damaged
cables
CORRECT ANSWERS
IT Infrastructure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Multiple, interconnected technological components,
with the core infrastructure involving a combination of on-premise and outsourced hardware,
software, and specialized personnel
Computer Hardware - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔computer, physical components of computer,
external peripheral devices. May include end-user devices (laptop)
End User Devices - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Devices directly used by individuals for tasks.
Internal Computer Hardware - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Internal computer hardware refers to the
physical components inside a computer case that work together to perform computing tasks.
(microprocessors, graphics/sound cards, hard drives)
External Computer Hardware - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔do not need to be integrated into
machine itself. (computer mice, keyboard, speaker, microphone)
Infrastructure Housing - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The facilities and the safeguards on those
facilities that contain hardware (advanced security system, ventilation)
Network Infrastructure - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔actual hardware, software, and networking
components that support the processing and transfer of information
Modems - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Connect a network to an internet service provider's network.
This is the device that brings the internet into the home/office
,Routers - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔manage network traffic by connecting devices to form a
network. Act as a link between modem and organization's switches
Switches - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔similar to router, but not as advanced (does not assign IP
address)
Gateways - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔computer/advice that acts as an intermediary between
different networks. Transforms data from one protocol into another so that information can
flow between networks
Edge-Enabled Device - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔allow computing, storage, networking functions
closer to the devices where data/system request originates, rather than distant central location
Servers - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔physical/virtual machines that coordinate computers, programs,
data that are part of the network.
Firewalls - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔hardware, software, or both designed to prevent unauthorized
persons from accessing electronic information
Basic Packet-Filtering Firewalls - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔work to analyze network traffic that is
transmitted in packets, determine if firewall storage can accept the data, can be set to only
allow trusted sources (IP)
circuit-level gateway - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔verify source of packet and meet rules/policy set
by security team
Application level gateway - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔actively inspects the contents of packets ;
resource intensive, slow-moving
, Network Address Translation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔assigns an internal network address to
specific, approved external sources so that those sources are approved to be inside firewall
Stateful multilayer inspection - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔combination of packet-filtering and
network address translation
Next-Gen Firewall - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔assign different firewall rules to different
applications/users
Network Infrastructure Physical Layout (Topology) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔physical layout of
equipment in a network, which is essential in understanding how to engineer the network for
optimal performance
Bus Topology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔linear or tree form ; each node is connected to a single
line of cable ; signal interference is a concern. Fix it by terminating cables. if central line is
compromised, whole system goes offline
Mesh Topology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔full mesh or partial mesh ; numerous connections
between nodes with all nodes being connected (full mesh) or only some being connected
(partial mesh). High cost to maintain, allows for more traffic
Ring Topology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔uni-directional or multi-directional ; nodes are connected
in a circular path ; when data is transferred to a destination device, it first must go through
every other device. Data transmission collision risk is reduced, results in slow network
performance
Star Topology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔data passes through a central hub that acts as
switch/server. There could be multiple hubs. This topology makes it easier to find damaged
cables
