CJC 201 final exam Questions well
answered already passed
Micro-level theories:
Focus on individual behavior, personality traits, and interpersonal relationships (e.g., self-control
theory, differential association).
Macor level theories:
Focus on societal or community-level structures (e.g., social disorganization, strain theory).
State-based theories:
Crime results from temporary conditions or life circumstances (e.g., strain, labeling).
Trait-based theories
Crime is driven by stable individual characteristics, often rooted in biology or early life (e.g.,
biosocial theories, low self-control).
,What are 5 Theory Families?
1. social structure 2. social process 3. social conflict 4. choice 5. trait
Social Structure:
Focuses on how society's organization influences crime (e.g., strain, social disorganization).
Social Process:
Emphasizes interactions and learning in social contexts (e.g., social learning, control theory).
Social Conflict:
Focuses on power, inequality, and social conflict (e.g., Marxist, feminist, critical race theory).
Choice (theory family):
Rooted in rational decision-making (e.g., classical, rational choice, deterrence).
Trait (theory family):
,Emphasizes biological or psychological characteristics (e.g., biosocial, psychopathy).
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764)
Historical Context
Enlightenment era; rejection of demonic explanations.
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Key Concepts:
Punishment must be:
Certain - most important for deterrence.
Swift (Celerity) – quick response to crime.
Severe – but only enough to outweigh benefit.
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Rational calculation:
People weigh costs/benefits of actions.
, Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Strengths
Introduced deterrence; basis for modern criminal justice.
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Limitations:
Ignores individual and social differences.
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Theory Family:
Choice Theory (Macro in law, Micro in actor motivation)
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Policy:
Led to structured sentencing, legal codes, proportional punishments.
Early Biological Theory Cesare Lombroso (1876, 1893) Historical Context
Rise of positivism and scientific measurement.
answered already passed
Micro-level theories:
Focus on individual behavior, personality traits, and interpersonal relationships (e.g., self-control
theory, differential association).
Macor level theories:
Focus on societal or community-level structures (e.g., social disorganization, strain theory).
State-based theories:
Crime results from temporary conditions or life circumstances (e.g., strain, labeling).
Trait-based theories
Crime is driven by stable individual characteristics, often rooted in biology or early life (e.g.,
biosocial theories, low self-control).
,What are 5 Theory Families?
1. social structure 2. social process 3. social conflict 4. choice 5. trait
Social Structure:
Focuses on how society's organization influences crime (e.g., strain, social disorganization).
Social Process:
Emphasizes interactions and learning in social contexts (e.g., social learning, control theory).
Social Conflict:
Focuses on power, inequality, and social conflict (e.g., Marxist, feminist, critical race theory).
Choice (theory family):
Rooted in rational decision-making (e.g., classical, rational choice, deterrence).
Trait (theory family):
,Emphasizes biological or psychological characteristics (e.g., biosocial, psychopathy).
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764)
Historical Context
Enlightenment era; rejection of demonic explanations.
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Key Concepts:
Punishment must be:
Certain - most important for deterrence.
Swift (Celerity) – quick response to crime.
Severe – but only enough to outweigh benefit.
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Rational calculation:
People weigh costs/benefits of actions.
, Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Strengths
Introduced deterrence; basis for modern criminal justice.
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Limitations:
Ignores individual and social differences.
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Theory Family:
Choice Theory (Macro in law, Micro in actor motivation)
Classical Theory Beccaria (1764) Policy:
Led to structured sentencing, legal codes, proportional punishments.
Early Biological Theory Cesare Lombroso (1876, 1893) Historical Context
Rise of positivism and scientific measurement.
