Fundamentals of molecular diagnosis:
Final Review Exam 2025 With 100%
Correct Answers
Amplification methods - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Techniques that increase the amount of the
target, the detection signal, or the probe so that sequences are readily detected
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Typically a single-stranded polymer that is much
shorter than DNA but chemically similar with a few differences (e.g.- uracil replaces thymine).
Translation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The formation of an amino acid from RNA
Transcription - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Process of transferring information from DNA into an RNA
message
Genome - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The genetic code composed of 64 codons that code for 21
amino acids and 3 stop codons. (amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and stop codons
stop the writing process much like a period at the end of a sentence)
Oligonucleotide - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Short single-stranded nucleic acid
Probe - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A nucleic acid used to identify a hybridization target
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔An amplification method performed
in vitro
, Polymorphism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A difference in DNA sequences for a small percentage of
a population that differ from the majority of a population.
When collecting blood samples, one anticoagulant to avoid, especially when performing PCR is -
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔heparin
Detection Techniques - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Chemiluminescence
Electrophoresis
Enzyme
Fluorescence
Hybridization
Radioactivity
targets of interest - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔DNA
RNA
Bacteria
Fungus
Virus (see bacteriphage image to the right)
Antibody
Antigen
PCR steps - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔1. Denaturation
2. Annealing
3. Extension
Southern Blot - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Employs a restriction endonuclease enzyme to cleave
DNA in the cell nucleus. DNA detection is done using agarose gel electrophoresis.
Final Review Exam 2025 With 100%
Correct Answers
Amplification methods - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Techniques that increase the amount of the
target, the detection signal, or the probe so that sequences are readily detected
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Typically a single-stranded polymer that is much
shorter than DNA but chemically similar with a few differences (e.g.- uracil replaces thymine).
Translation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The formation of an amino acid from RNA
Transcription - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Process of transferring information from DNA into an RNA
message
Genome - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The genetic code composed of 64 codons that code for 21
amino acids and 3 stop codons. (amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and stop codons
stop the writing process much like a period at the end of a sentence)
Oligonucleotide - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Short single-stranded nucleic acid
Probe - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A nucleic acid used to identify a hybridization target
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔An amplification method performed
in vitro
, Polymorphism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A difference in DNA sequences for a small percentage of
a population that differ from the majority of a population.
When collecting blood samples, one anticoagulant to avoid, especially when performing PCR is -
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔heparin
Detection Techniques - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Chemiluminescence
Electrophoresis
Enzyme
Fluorescence
Hybridization
Radioactivity
targets of interest - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔DNA
RNA
Bacteria
Fungus
Virus (see bacteriphage image to the right)
Antibody
Antigen
PCR steps - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔1. Denaturation
2. Annealing
3. Extension
Southern Blot - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Employs a restriction endonuclease enzyme to cleave
DNA in the cell nucleus. DNA detection is done using agarose gel electrophoresis.
