,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
Psychology
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
Review Questions
1. Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be
exposed?
Answer
D. all of the above
2. Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were
undertaken by those in ________.
Answer
C. philosophy
3. In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________.
Answer
D. proposed explanation
4. Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this
statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components.
Answer
B. Max Wertheimer
5. ________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.
Answer
C. Abraham Maslow
6. Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic
environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.
Answer
D. unconditional positive regard
7. The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the
principles of operant conditioning.
Answer
A. Skinner
8. A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the
brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely
to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.
Answer
A. biological
9. An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________.
Answer
C. personality
10. In Milgram’s controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were
willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because
they were told to do so by an authority figure.
Answer
B. 2/3
11. A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would
most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.
Answer
D. I-O
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
12. If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then they would
probably need a ________ degree in psychology.
Answer
D. PhD
13. The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of
therapeutic skills.
Answer
B. PsyD
14. Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses
in high school?
Answer
D. bachelor’s degree
15. One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.
Answer
C. master’s
Critical Thinking Questions
16. Why do you think psychology courses like this one are often requirements of so many
different programs of study?
Answer
Psychology courses deal with a number of issues that are helpful in a variety of settings. The text
made mention of the types of skills as well as the knowledge base with which students of
psychology become familiar. As mentioned in the link to learning, psychology is often
helpful/valued in fields in which interacting with others is a major part of the job.
17. Why do you think many people might be skeptical about psychology being a science?
Answer
One goal of psychology is the study of the mind. Science cannot directly study the mind, because
it is not a form of matter or energy. This might create some skepticism about the scientific nature
of psychology.
18. How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th
century?
Answer
In its early days, psychology could be defined as the scientific study of mind or mental
processes. Over time, psychology began to shift more towards the scientific study of behavior.
However, as the cognitive revolution took hold, psychology once again began to focus on mental
processes as necessary to the understanding of behavior.
19. In part, what aspect of psychology was the behaviorist approach to psychology a reaction to?
Answer
Behaviorists studied objectively observable behavior partly in reaction to the psychologists of the
mind who were studying things that were not directly observable.
20. Given the incredible diversity among the various areas of psychology that were described in
this section, how do they all fit together?
Answer
Although the different perspectives all operate on different levels of analyses, have different foci
of interests, and different methodological approaches, all of these areas share a focus on
understanding and/or correcting patterns of thought and/or behavior.
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
21. What are the potential ethical concerns associated with Milgram’s research on obedience?
Answer
Many people have questioned how ethical this particular research was. Although no one was
actually harmed in Milgram’s study, many people have questioned how the knowledge that you
would be willing to inflict incredible pain and/or death to another person, simply because
someone in authority told you to do so, would affect someone’s self-concept and psychological
health. Furthermore, the degree to which deception was used in this particular study raises a few
eyebrows.
22. Why is an undergraduate education in psychology so helpful in a number of different lines of
work?
Answer
An undergraduate education in psychology hones critical thinking skills. These skills are useful
in many different work settings.
23. Other than a potentially greater salary, what would be the reasons an individual would
continue on to get a graduate degree in psychology?
Answer
The graduate degree would be a stronger guarantee of working in a psychology-related field and
one would have greater control over the specialty of that work. It would allow one to practice in
a clinical setting. In general, it would allow someone to work in a more independent or
supervisory capacity.
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
Psychology
Chapter 2: Psychological Research
Review Questions
1. Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.
Answer
D. testable
2. ________ are defined as observable realities.
Answer
B. facts
3. Scientific knowledge is ________.
Answer
B. empirical
4. A major criticism of Freud’s early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.
Answer
D. were not testable
5. Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews
over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as
a(n): ________.
Answer
B. case study
6. ________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.
Answer
C. naturalistic observation
7. The major limitation of case studies is ________.
Answer
C. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population
8. The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.
Answer
A. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting
9. Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.
Answer
D. archival research
10. ________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.
Answer
B. longitudinal research
11. A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in
paper form.
Answer
D. survey
12. Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.
Answer
C. attrition
13. Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:
Answer
D. As height increases, typically weight increases.
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
14. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between
two variables?
Answer
A. –.90
15. Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent
watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?
Answer
D. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.
16. The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.
Answer
A. it is closest to 0
17. ________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to
participate in the study.
Answer
D. random sampling
18. The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the
information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.
Answer
B. independent variable; dependent variable
19. Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear
understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.
Answer
C. operationalize
20. Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to
control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.
Answer
D. placebo
21. ________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.
Answer
B. IACUC; IRB
22. Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the
experiment could skew their responses.
Answer
B. deception
23. A person’s participation in a research project must be ________.
Answer
C. voluntary
24. Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.
Answer
A. informed consent
Critical Thinking Questions
25. In this section, there was a discussion about researchers arriving at different conclusions
about the use of technology in certain student populations, with one study determining that a
smartphone app for surgery students seemed effective, but another study finding negative
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
impacts on sleep, communication, and time management resulting from the use of technology by
undergraduates. How might an educational leader best work through these discrepancies?
Answer
An educational leader may be able to focus resources and plans on the specific programs until
further research is conducted that provides insight that can be applied more broadly.
26. The scientific method is often described as self-correcting and cyclical. Briefly describe your
understanding of the scientific method with regard to these concepts.
Answer
This cyclical, self-correcting process is primarily a function of the empirical nature of science.
Theories are generated as explanations of real-world phenomena. From theories, specific
hypotheses are developed and tested. As a function of this testing, theories will be revisited and
modified or refined to generate new hypotheses that are again tested. This cyclical process
ultimately allows for more and more precise (and presumably accurate) information to be
collected.
27. In this section, conjoined twins, Krista and Tatiana, were described as being potential
participants in a case study. In what other circumstances would you think that this particular
research approach would be especially helpful and why?
Answer
Case studies might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions. For
instance, if one wanted to study multiple personality disorder then the case study approach with
individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful.
28. Presumably, reality television programs aim to provide a realistic portrayal of the behavior
displayed by the characters featured in such programs. This section pointed out why this is not
really the case. What changes could be made in the way that these programs are produced that
would result in more honest portrayals of realistic behavior?
Answer
The behavior displayed on these programs would be more realistic if the cameras were mounted
in hidden locations, or if the people who appear on these programs did not know when they were
being recorded.
29. Which of the research methods discussed would be best suited to study the impact of diet and
exercise on the prevalence of a disease such as diabetes? Why?
Answer
Longitudinal research would be an excellent approach in studying how dietary and exercise
habits affect the risk of being diagnosed with diabetes because it would follow subjects as they
aged to determine how their choices regarding diet and exercise affected the prevalence of
diabetes.
30. Aside from biomedical research, what other areas of research could greatly benefit by both
longitudinal and archival research?
Answer
Answers will vary. Possibilities include research on hiring practices based on human resource
records, and research that follows former prisoners to determine if the time that they were
incarcerated provided any sort of positive influence on their likelihood of engaging in criminal
behavior in the future.
31. Earlier in this section, we read about research suggesting that there is a correlation between
eating cereal and weight. Cereal companies that present this information in their advertisements
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
could lead someone to believe that eating more cereal causes healthy weight. Why would they
make such a claim and what arguments could you make to counter this cause-and-effect claim?
Answer
The cereal companies are trying to make a profit, so framing the research findings in this way
would improve their bottom line. However, it could be that people who forgo more fatty options
for breakfast are health conscious and engage in a variety of other behaviors that help them
maintain a healthy weight.
32. Recently a study was published in the journal, Nutrition and Cancer, which established a
negative correlation between coffee consumption and breast cancer. Specifically, it was found
that women consuming more than 5 cups of coffee a day were less likely to develop breast
cancer than women who never consumed coffee (Lowcock, Cotterchio, Anderson, Boucher, &
El-Sohemy, 2013). Imagine you see a newspaper story about this research that says, “Coffee
Protects Against Cancer.” Why is this headline misleading and why would a more accurate
headline draw less interest?
Answer
Using the word protects seems to suggest causation as a function of correlation. If the headline
were more accurate, it would be less interesting because indicating that two things are associated
is less powerful than indicating that doing one thing causes a change in the other.
33. Sometimes, true random sampling can be very difficult to obtain. Many researchers make use
of convenience samples as an alternative. For example, one popular convenience sample would
involve students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses. What are the implications of
using this sampling technique?
Answer
If research is limited to students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses, then our ability
to generalize to the larger population would be dramatically reduced. One could also argue that
students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses may not be representative of the larger
population of college students at their school, much less the larger general population.
34. Peer review is an important part of publishing research findings in many scientific
disciplines. This process is normally conducted anonymously; in other words, the author of the
article being reviewed does not know who is reviewing the article, and the reviewers are unaware
of the author’s identity. Why would this be an important part of this process?
Answer
Anonymity protects against personal biases interfering with the reviewer’s opinion of the
research. Allowing the reviewer to remain anonymous would mean that they can be honest in
their appraisal of the manuscript without fear of reprisal.
35. Some argue that animal research is inherently flawed in terms of being ethical because unlike
human participants, animals do not consent to be involved in research. Do you agree with this
perspective? Given that animals do not consent to be involved in research projects, what sorts of
extra precautions should be taken to ensure that they receive the most humane treatment
possible?
Answer
In general, the fact that consent cannot be obtained from animal research subjects places extra
responsibility on the researcher to ensure that the animal is treated as humanely as possible and
to respect the sacrifice that the animal is making for the advancement of science. Like human
research, the animals themselves should also receive some of the benefits of the research, and
they do in the form of advanced veterinary medicine, and so on.
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
36. At the end of the last section, you were asked to design a basic experiment to answer some
question of interest. What ethical considerations should be made with the study you proposed to
ensure that your experiment would conform to the scientific community’s expectations of ethical
research?
Answer
The research should be designed in such a way to adhere to the principles described in this
section depending on the type of study that was proposed.
, OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
Psychology
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
Review Questions
1. Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be
exposed?
Answer
D. all of the above
2. Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were
undertaken by those in ________.
Answer
C. philosophy
3. In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________.
Answer
D. proposed explanation
4. Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this
statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components.
Answer
B. Max Wertheimer
5. ________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.
Answer
C. Abraham Maslow
6. Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic
environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.
Answer
D. unconditional positive regard
7. The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the
principles of operant conditioning.
Answer
A. Skinner
8. A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the
brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely
to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.
Answer
A. biological
9. An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________.
Answer
C. personality
10. In Milgram’s controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were
willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because
they were told to do so by an authority figure.
Answer
B. 2/3
11. A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would
most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.
Answer
D. I-O
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
12. If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then they would
probably need a ________ degree in psychology.
Answer
D. PhD
13. The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of
therapeutic skills.
Answer
B. PsyD
14. Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses
in high school?
Answer
D. bachelor’s degree
15. One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.
Answer
C. master’s
Critical Thinking Questions
16. Why do you think psychology courses like this one are often requirements of so many
different programs of study?
Answer
Psychology courses deal with a number of issues that are helpful in a variety of settings. The text
made mention of the types of skills as well as the knowledge base with which students of
psychology become familiar. As mentioned in the link to learning, psychology is often
helpful/valued in fields in which interacting with others is a major part of the job.
17. Why do you think many people might be skeptical about psychology being a science?
Answer
One goal of psychology is the study of the mind. Science cannot directly study the mind, because
it is not a form of matter or energy. This might create some skepticism about the scientific nature
of psychology.
18. How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th
century?
Answer
In its early days, psychology could be defined as the scientific study of mind or mental
processes. Over time, psychology began to shift more towards the scientific study of behavior.
However, as the cognitive revolution took hold, psychology once again began to focus on mental
processes as necessary to the understanding of behavior.
19. In part, what aspect of psychology was the behaviorist approach to psychology a reaction to?
Answer
Behaviorists studied objectively observable behavior partly in reaction to the psychologists of the
mind who were studying things that were not directly observable.
20. Given the incredible diversity among the various areas of psychology that were described in
this section, how do they all fit together?
Answer
Although the different perspectives all operate on different levels of analyses, have different foci
of interests, and different methodological approaches, all of these areas share a focus on
understanding and/or correcting patterns of thought and/or behavior.
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
21. What are the potential ethical concerns associated with Milgram’s research on obedience?
Answer
Many people have questioned how ethical this particular research was. Although no one was
actually harmed in Milgram’s study, many people have questioned how the knowledge that you
would be willing to inflict incredible pain and/or death to another person, simply because
someone in authority told you to do so, would affect someone’s self-concept and psychological
health. Furthermore, the degree to which deception was used in this particular study raises a few
eyebrows.
22. Why is an undergraduate education in psychology so helpful in a number of different lines of
work?
Answer
An undergraduate education in psychology hones critical thinking skills. These skills are useful
in many different work settings.
23. Other than a potentially greater salary, what would be the reasons an individual would
continue on to get a graduate degree in psychology?
Answer
The graduate degree would be a stronger guarantee of working in a psychology-related field and
one would have greater control over the specialty of that work. It would allow one to practice in
a clinical setting. In general, it would allow someone to work in a more independent or
supervisory capacity.
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
Psychology
Chapter 2: Psychological Research
Review Questions
1. Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.
Answer
D. testable
2. ________ are defined as observable realities.
Answer
B. facts
3. Scientific knowledge is ________.
Answer
B. empirical
4. A major criticism of Freud’s early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.
Answer
D. were not testable
5. Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews
over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as
a(n): ________.
Answer
B. case study
6. ________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.
Answer
C. naturalistic observation
7. The major limitation of case studies is ________.
Answer
C. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population
8. The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.
Answer
A. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting
9. Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.
Answer
D. archival research
10. ________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.
Answer
B. longitudinal research
11. A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in
paper form.
Answer
D. survey
12. Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.
Answer
C. attrition
13. Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:
Answer
D. As height increases, typically weight increases.
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
14. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between
two variables?
Answer
A. –.90
15. Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent
watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?
Answer
D. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.
16. The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.
Answer
A. it is closest to 0
17. ________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to
participate in the study.
Answer
D. random sampling
18. The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the
information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.
Answer
B. independent variable; dependent variable
19. Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear
understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.
Answer
C. operationalize
20. Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to
control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.
Answer
D. placebo
21. ________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.
Answer
B. IACUC; IRB
22. Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the
experiment could skew their responses.
Answer
B. deception
23. A person’s participation in a research project must be ________.
Answer
C. voluntary
24. Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.
Answer
A. informed consent
Critical Thinking Questions
25. In this section, there was a discussion about researchers arriving at different conclusions
about the use of technology in certain student populations, with one study determining that a
smartphone app for surgery students seemed effective, but another study finding negative
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
impacts on sleep, communication, and time management resulting from the use of technology by
undergraduates. How might an educational leader best work through these discrepancies?
Answer
An educational leader may be able to focus resources and plans on the specific programs until
further research is conducted that provides insight that can be applied more broadly.
26. The scientific method is often described as self-correcting and cyclical. Briefly describe your
understanding of the scientific method with regard to these concepts.
Answer
This cyclical, self-correcting process is primarily a function of the empirical nature of science.
Theories are generated as explanations of real-world phenomena. From theories, specific
hypotheses are developed and tested. As a function of this testing, theories will be revisited and
modified or refined to generate new hypotheses that are again tested. This cyclical process
ultimately allows for more and more precise (and presumably accurate) information to be
collected.
27. In this section, conjoined twins, Krista and Tatiana, were described as being potential
participants in a case study. In what other circumstances would you think that this particular
research approach would be especially helpful and why?
Answer
Case studies might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions. For
instance, if one wanted to study multiple personality disorder then the case study approach with
individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful.
28. Presumably, reality television programs aim to provide a realistic portrayal of the behavior
displayed by the characters featured in such programs. This section pointed out why this is not
really the case. What changes could be made in the way that these programs are produced that
would result in more honest portrayals of realistic behavior?
Answer
The behavior displayed on these programs would be more realistic if the cameras were mounted
in hidden locations, or if the people who appear on these programs did not know when they were
being recorded.
29. Which of the research methods discussed would be best suited to study the impact of diet and
exercise on the prevalence of a disease such as diabetes? Why?
Answer
Longitudinal research would be an excellent approach in studying how dietary and exercise
habits affect the risk of being diagnosed with diabetes because it would follow subjects as they
aged to determine how their choices regarding diet and exercise affected the prevalence of
diabetes.
30. Aside from biomedical research, what other areas of research could greatly benefit by both
longitudinal and archival research?
Answer
Answers will vary. Possibilities include research on hiring practices based on human resource
records, and research that follows former prisoners to determine if the time that they were
incarcerated provided any sort of positive influence on their likelihood of engaging in criminal
behavior in the future.
31. Earlier in this section, we read about research suggesting that there is a correlation between
eating cereal and weight. Cereal companies that present this information in their advertisements
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
could lead someone to believe that eating more cereal causes healthy weight. Why would they
make such a claim and what arguments could you make to counter this cause-and-effect claim?
Answer
The cereal companies are trying to make a profit, so framing the research findings in this way
would improve their bottom line. However, it could be that people who forgo more fatty options
for breakfast are health conscious and engage in a variety of other behaviors that help them
maintain a healthy weight.
32. Recently a study was published in the journal, Nutrition and Cancer, which established a
negative correlation between coffee consumption and breast cancer. Specifically, it was found
that women consuming more than 5 cups of coffee a day were less likely to develop breast
cancer than women who never consumed coffee (Lowcock, Cotterchio, Anderson, Boucher, &
El-Sohemy, 2013). Imagine you see a newspaper story about this research that says, “Coffee
Protects Against Cancer.” Why is this headline misleading and why would a more accurate
headline draw less interest?
Answer
Using the word protects seems to suggest causation as a function of correlation. If the headline
were more accurate, it would be less interesting because indicating that two things are associated
is less powerful than indicating that doing one thing causes a change in the other.
33. Sometimes, true random sampling can be very difficult to obtain. Many researchers make use
of convenience samples as an alternative. For example, one popular convenience sample would
involve students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses. What are the implications of
using this sampling technique?
Answer
If research is limited to students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses, then our ability
to generalize to the larger population would be dramatically reduced. One could also argue that
students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses may not be representative of the larger
population of college students at their school, much less the larger general population.
34. Peer review is an important part of publishing research findings in many scientific
disciplines. This process is normally conducted anonymously; in other words, the author of the
article being reviewed does not know who is reviewing the article, and the reviewers are unaware
of the author’s identity. Why would this be an important part of this process?
Answer
Anonymity protects against personal biases interfering with the reviewer’s opinion of the
research. Allowing the reviewer to remain anonymous would mean that they can be honest in
their appraisal of the manuscript without fear of reprisal.
35. Some argue that animal research is inherently flawed in terms of being ethical because unlike
human participants, animals do not consent to be involved in research. Do you agree with this
perspective? Given that animals do not consent to be involved in research projects, what sorts of
extra precautions should be taken to ensure that they receive the most humane treatment
possible?
Answer
In general, the fact that consent cannot be obtained from animal research subjects places extra
responsibility on the researcher to ensure that the animal is treated as humanely as possible and
to respect the sacrifice that the animal is making for the advancement of science. Like human
research, the animals themselves should also receive some of the benefits of the research, and
they do in the form of advanced veterinary medicine, and so on.
,OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
36. At the end of the last section, you were asked to design a basic experiment to answer some
question of interest. What ethical considerations should be made with the study you proposed to
ensure that your experiment would conform to the scientific community’s expectations of ethical
research?
Answer
The research should be designed in such a way to adhere to the principles described in this
section depending on the type of study that was proposed.
, OpenStax Psychology 2e Instructor Answer Guide
