Economics notes by khan sir for any competative exam.

KHAN G.S. RESEARCH CENTRE
Time : 9 to 10 AM ECONOMICS




(ECONOMICS)
U;wuÙke lalk/uksa esa vf/dre mRiknu dks vFkZO;oLFkk dgrs gSaA vFkZ'kkL=k ds tud ,Me fLeFk dks
dgrs gSa mudh iqLrd Wealth of Nation 1776 esa izdkf'kr gqbZA mUgksaus dj dk fl¼kar fn;k Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL=k
ds tud fo'os'jS;k dks dgrs gSaA
vFkZO;LFkk esa vk; ds ekè; dks {ks=ki dgrs gSaA bUgsa 3 Hkkxksa esa ckaVrs gSa&




1. lkoZtfud (Public Centre)
2. futh {ks=k (Private Sector)
3. la;qDr {ks=k (Joint Sector)
4. lgdkjh (Co-operative)
Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [1] By : Khan Sir

, tc vk; dk Jksr lh/s izkÑfrd ls tqM+k gks rks mls izkFkfed {ks=k dgrs gSaA
Ex:- Ñf"k] i'kqikyu] eRlR;] [kuu
blesa dkj[kkuksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA blesa fuekZ.k rFkk fofuekZ.k gksrk gSA
Ex:- tSls vkVk] pDdh] xUuk] e'khu] iQSDVªh] Service sector
blesa ukSdjh O;kikj lsok nqdku dks 'kkfey djrs gSaA
Ex:- ifjogu] Hospital, dksfpax] usrk] [ksy] Communication, Bank, f'k{kk] ukSdjh A
Note : lsDVj esa yksx cgqr de yxs gksrs gSaA fdUrq vk; cgqr vf/d gksrh gSA tSls&tSls yksxksa dk fodkl
gksrk tkrk gSA og izkFkfed {ks=k dks NksM+dj r`rh;d esa pys tkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds izkjaHk esa fdarq orZeku
le; esa izkFkfed {ks=k dk ;ksxnku ek=k 17%, f}rh;d {ks=k dk ;ksX; 29% rFkk r`rh; lsDVj dk ;ksxnku 55% gSA
ftlesa ukSdjh dh 'krZ le; vkSj osru rhuksa gh fuf'pr gks mls laxfBr dgrs gSaA tSls& cM+s dEiuh
dh ukSdjh] ljdkjh ukSdjh laxfBr {ks=k esa lkoZtfud jkstxkj jsyos rFkk lsuk esa fn;k gSA
blesa ukSdjh dk le; osru rFkk Nqêðh rhuksa gh vfuf'pr jgrk gSA Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud jkstxkj
vlaxfBr {ks=k esa gSA lcls cM+k vlaxfBr {ks=k diM+k m|ksx esa gSA izkbZosV] Ñf"k] nqdkuA
blds lHkh {ks=k ij futh O;fDr dk gkFk gksrk gSA bls Private (P.V.T) dgrs gSaA bldk eq[; mís';
dsoy ykHk dekuk gSA iwath ds vk/kj ij lcls cM+h Private dEiuh Reliance tcfd dj dh {kerk ds
vk/kj ij lcls cM+h dEiuh TATA gSA
bl ij iwjh rjg ljdkj dk vf/dkj gksrk gSA bls Public sector Hkh dgrs gSa ;g fodkl
rFkk lekt dY;k.k ds fy, gksrk gSA lcls cM+h Public {ks=k dh dEiuh jsyos rFkk egkjRu gSA
(P.P.P.) – blesa futh rFkk lkoZtfud nksuksa dh Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gSA vr% bls public private
patnership dgrs gSaA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa lcls rsth ls ppp dk fodkl gks jgk gSA mnkgj.k & esVªks
(P.P.P.) – blesa futh rFkk lkoZtfud nksuksa dh Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gS vr% bls Public Private
Patnership dgrs gSaA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa lcls rsth ls ppp dk fodkl gks jgk gSA mnkgj.k&esVªks
(Co-operative) – tc fdlh dEiuh dk fn'kk funs'kd ljdkj nsrh gS mls co-operative dgrs
gSaA
Ex: Co-operative Bank co-operative dk lapkyu dbZ yksxksa ds leqg }kjk gksrk gSA


1. mRiknu esa yxk;k x;k /u iwath dgykrk gS ;g ½.k ds :i esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA
2. ftl LFkku ij mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS mls Hkwfe dgrs gSaA ;g fdjk;k ds LFkku ij Hkh gks ldrk gSA
3. oLrq ds mRiknu ds fy, dke dj jgs etnwjksa dks Jfed dgrs gSaA
4. daiuh ftl O;fÙkQ dh gksrh gS mls m|eh dgrs gSaA




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Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [2] By : Khan Sir

,KHAN G.S. RESEARCH CENTRE
Kisan Cold Storage, Sai Mandir, Musallahpur Hatt, Patna-6 Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880
Time : 9 to 10 AM
ECONOMICS




izfrLi/kZ
mís'; %& vf/dre ykHk
vkfFkZd Lora=krk
miHkksDrk ds ikl fodYi
vkfFkZd lekurk


 tc mRiknu ds lHkh 4 dkjdksa ij fuft O;fDr dk vf/dkj gks mls iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dgrs gSaA
tkiku] U.S.A., flaxkiqj] phu] iwath] vFkZO;oLFkk esa fodkl rsth ls gksrk gSA blesa xjhc dks è;ku esa u j[kdj
cktkj dks è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA



mís'; %& tudY;k.k
cktkj izfrLi/kZ dk vHkko
dsUnzh; vkfFkZd fu;kstu
cktkj dher ds LFkku ij izlk'kdh;
dher
vkfFkZd lekurk
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Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [3] By : Khan Sir

, tc mRiknu ds 4 dkjdksa ij ljdkj dk vf/dkj gks rks mls lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk
dgrs gSaA bl vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu ds lk/uksa ij ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk gSA ljdkj vFkZO;oLFkk ;k vkfFkZd
fØ;k,¡ (mRiknu] miHkksx] forj.k o fofue;) dks lapkfyr djrh gSA
lksfo;r la?k] fo;ruke] D;wck] mÙkjh dksfj;k bR;kfnA



mís'; %& tudY;k.k
dY;k.kdkjh jkT;
vkfFkZd fu;kstu
lkekftd U;k;




 tc mRiknu ds pkjksa dkjdksa ij futh rFkk lkoZtfud nksuksa dk vf/dkj gks mls fefJr
vFkZO;oLFkk dgrs gSaA ;g iw¡thoknh rFkk jkT; vk/kfjr vFkZO;oLFkk dk fefJr :i gSA Hkkjr&ikfdLrku&Jhyadk
 oSlh vFkZO;oLFkk ftlesa ijEijkxr rFkk vk/qfud fof/;ksa dk iz;ksx gks mls }S/ vFkZO;oLFkk dgrs
gSaA tSls & India.
 dkyk/u vR;f/d c<+ tkus dks lekarj vFkZO;LFkk dgrs gSaA blesa ekSfnzd fufr;k¡ de izHkkoh
gksrh gSA
 oSlk /u ftlij tax ugha fn;k tkrk gS mls dkyk/u dgrs gSaA dkyk/u dh tkudkjh ljdkj dks
ugha jgrh gSA
 fdlh Je ds cnys feys /u dks ekSfnzd vk; dgrs gSaA
 (Dibosable income) ekSfnzd vk; esa ls tax ?kVkus ds ckn cps /u dks iz;ksT; vk; dgrs
gSaA ;g iwjh rjg White money gksrk gSA
 (Real income) iz;ksT; vk; esa ls nsunkjh rFkk ½.kHkkj dks gVk nsus ij cpk gqvk /u
okLrfod vk; dgykrk gSA egaxkbZ c<+us ij okLrfod vk; ?kV tkrk gSA
Q. fufr'k us vuqjk/k ls ` 4000 dtZ fy;s FksA ;fn fufr'k dh vk; ` 1 yk[k gS rFkk fufr'k ij 30% tax gSA blds
lHkh vk; dh x.kuk fdft,A
Ans. ekSfnzd vk; = 1 yk[k
iz;ksT; vk; = 1 yk[k × 30% = 70,000
okLrfod vk; = 70,000 – 4000 = 66,000 Ans.
(National income) fdlh ns'k ds vanj lHkh ?kVd ljdkjh rFkk futh ls feyus okyh dqy
vk; ds ;ksX; jk"Vªh; vk; dgykrk gSA jk"Vªh; vk; cktkj Lrj ij NNP gksrk gSA
jk"Vªh; vk; = NNP – vizR;{k dj
 Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh laxBu djrh gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1951 esa gqbZA 29 twu dks
lkf[;dh fnol euk;k tkrk gSA tks P.C egkyuksfol dk tUe fnol gSA
 Hkkjr esa izfryfdr vk; dh x.kuk 1968 esa nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us mUgksaus bl le; Hkkjr dk izfrfyf[kr vk; ` 20
fudkyk Fkk] tks lkykuk FkkA bUgksaus viuh iqLrd Poverty and Brities Rule in India esa fyf[kr gSA
Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [4] By : Khan Sir

, orZeku esa Hkkjr dk izfrO;fÙkQ vk; 1 yk[k 12 gtkj lkykuk gSA fdlh ns'k ds izxfr dks fn[kkus dk lcls
vPNk ekè;e izfr O;fDr vk; gSA

izfrO;fDr vk; =

 fgUnw fodkl nj dk laca/ jk"Vªh; vk; ls gSA jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk fLFkj dher ij fd tkrh
gSA
 py jgs foÙkh; o"kZ pkyq fder dgrs gSaA bl ij jk"Vªh; vk; lVhd ugha fudyrk gSA
 fcrs gq, o"kZ ij fudkyk x;k jk"Vªh; vk; fLFkj fder dgykrk gSA blds fy, fdlh o"kZ dks ge
vk/kj eku ysrs gSaA Hkkjr dk vk/kj o"kZ 2017–18 gSA
 jk"Vªh; vk; fLFkj fder ij NNP dks n'kkZrk gSA jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk dh 3 fof/;k¡ gSaA
(1) bl fof/ esa mRikfnr leLr oLrq ,oa lsokvksa dk ewY; dks tksM+k tkrk gSA ;g GDP dks n'kkZrk
gSA blesa nksgjs x.kuk dh leL;k mRiUu gks tkrh gSA ftl dkj.k vafre oLrq ds ewY; dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
(2) bl fof/ }kjk lHkh {ks=kksa ds vk; dks tksM+k tkrk gSA pkgs og futh {ks=k gks ;k lkoZtfud
{ks=kA Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk mRiknu rFkk vk; nksuksa fof/ ls fd;k tkrk gSA
(3) bl fof/ esa mi;ksx rFkk cpr dks tksM+k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx fodflr ns'kksa esa fd;k tkrk
gSA cpr fof/ rFkk ekSfnzd fof/ jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk dh fof/ ugha gSA

[GDP (Gross Domestic Products)]
,d o"kZ esa ,d fuf'pr flek ds vanj mRikfnr leLr oLrq ,oa lsok ds ewY; dks GDP dgrs gSaA flek ds ckgj
mRikfnr oLrq dks G.D.P. esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls& tata = 800 Man (fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh;) = 150
L. G = 300 GDP = 1100
 [GNP (Gross National Products)] ;g iSlk jk"Vª ds dke dk gksrk gSA blesa
dsoy Hkkjrh; ds vk; dks 'kkfey djrs gSaA
ekuk Hkkjrh; }kjk fons'k esa vftZr vk; x gS] rFkk fons'kh }kjk Hkkjr esa vftZr vk; y gS] rks

GNP  GDP  x  y Ram = 150

tata = 800
L.G = 300
GNP = 1100 + (150 – 300) = 950
Note : x – y dks 'kq¼ lk/u vk; dgrs gSaA
Case I : ;fn x = y gks (larqfyr vFkZO;oLFkk) GNP = GDP

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Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [5] By : Khan Sir

, Case II : ;fn x > y gks (ykHk) GNP > GDP
Case III : ;fn x < y (gkfu) GNP < GDP
Case IV : ;fn x = y = 0 cUn vFkZO;oLFkk GNP = GDP
Q. GDP rFkk GNP dk varj D;k dgykrk gSA
Ans. GDP – GNP
GDP – (x + y)
(y – x) = 'kq¼ lk/u vk;
[NNP (Net National Products)] ;g ns'k dk lcls 'kq¼ iSlk gksrk gS tc GNP
esa ls ef'kuh dh VqV&iQqV ;k f?klkoV ij vk; [kpZ dks ?kVk nsrs gSa] rks mls NNP feyrk gSA

NNP  GNP  D tgk¡ D = ewY;ßkl

tata = 800 Ram = 150
L.G = 300 D = 50
GDP = 1100
GNP = 950
NNP = 950 – D = 950 – 50 = 50
Q. GNP rFkk NNP dk varj D;k gksrk gS \
Ans. GNP – NNP
GNP – (GNP – D)
GNP – GNP + D
D = ewY;ßkl

 fdlh ns'k ds thou Lrj dks n'kkZus dk lcls vPNk ekè; izfr O;fÙkQ vk; gSA
 fdlh ns'k ds izxfr dks n'kkZus dk lcls vPNk ekè;e GDP gksrk gSA
 ewY; ds vk/kj ij Hkkjr dh GDP NBs LFkku ij gSA 1 uEcj ij vesfjdkA
[PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)] PPP ds vk/kj ij Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk
rhljs LFkku ij gSA izFke rFkk nwljs LFkku ij phu vesfjdk gSA




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Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [6] By : Khan Sir

,KHAN G.S. RESEARCH CENTRE
Time : 9 to 10 AM ECONOMICS
[GDP (Gross Domestic Products)]
,d o"kZ esa ,d fuf'pr flek ds vanj mRikfnr leLr oLrq ,oa lsok ds ewY; dks GDP dgrs gSaA flek ds ckgj mRikfnr oLrq
dks G.D.P. esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls& tata = 800 Man (fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh;) = 150
L. G = 300 GDP = 1100
 [GNP (Gross National Products)] ;g iSlk jk"Vª ds dke dk gksrk gSA blesa dsoy
Hkkjrh; ds vk; dks 'kkfey djrs gSaA
ekuk Hkkjrh; }kjk fons'k esa vftZr vk; x gS] rFkk fons'kh }kjk Hkkjr esa vftZr vk; y gS] rks
GNP  GDP  x  y Ram = 150
tata = 800
L.G = 300
GNP = 1100 + (150 – 300) = 950
Note : x – y dks 'kq¼ lk/u vk; dgrs gSaA
Case I : ;fn x = y gks (larqfyr vFkZO;oLFkk) GNP = GDP
Case II : ;fn x > y gks (ykHk) GNP > GDP
Case III : ;fn x < y (gkfu) GNP < GDP
Case IV : ;fn x = y = 0 cUn vFkZO;oLFkk GNP = GDP
Q. GDP rFkk GNP dk varj D;k dgykrk gSA
Ans. GDP – GNP
GDP – (x + y)
–
[NNP (Net National Products)] ;g ns'k dk lcls 'kq¼ iSlk gksrk gS tc GNP esa ls ef'kuh
dh VqV&iQqV ;k f?klkoV ij vk; [kpZ dks ?kVk nsrs gSa] rks mls NNP feyrk gSA
NNP  GNP  D tgk¡ D = ewY;ßkl
tata = 800 Ram = 150
L.G = 300 D = 50
GDP = 1100
GNP = 950
NNP = 950 – D = 950 – 50 = 50
Q. GNP rFkk NNP dk varj D;k gksrk gS \
Ans. GNP – NNP
GNP – (GNP – D)
GNP – GNP + D
D = ewY;ßkl
 fdlh ns'k ds thou Lrj dks n'kkZus dk lcls vPNk ekè; izfr O;fÙkQ vk; gSA
 fdlh ns'k ds izxfr dks n'kkZus dk lcls vPNk ekè;e GDP gksrk gSA
 ewY; ds vk/kj ij Hkkjr dh GDP NBs LFkku ij gSA 1 uEcj ij vesfjdkA
 fdlh oLrq dk ewY; mlds mRiknu ykxr (factor cost) ij fuHkZj djrh gSA dksbZ Hkh oLrq vius Factor Cost ij cuh jgrh
gS A
Price = Factor Cost (F.C.)
MRP = FC (Factor Cost) + TAX
GDP at Market Price (GDP(MP))
 GDP ges'kk Market Price ij gh fudyrk gSA
GDP (MP) : – tks Price ges feyrk gS mlesa ljdkj }kjk Tax tksM+dj egaxk dj fn;k tkrk gS ;k lfClMh tksM+dj lLrk dj
fn;k tkr gSA
GDP (MP)
= GDP(FC) + Tax – Pdf
Subsidies
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Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [1] By : Khan Sir

, GDP at Factor Cost (GDP(FC))
fj;y esa tc GDP dh x.kuk gksuh pkfg, og Factor Cost ij gh gksuh pkfg,A
GDP = GDP (MP) – Tax + Subsidies
GDP fudkyrs gSa Actual esa og Nominal GDP u gksdj Real GDP gksrk gS tks fdlh u fdlh Base Year ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA
Nominal GDP
 blesa mRikfnr oLrq dk pkyw o"kZ ds ewY; ij fudkyk tkrk gSA
 tc ,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY;ksa dh x.kuk cktkj ewY;ksa (pkyw dherksa) ij dh tkrh gSA
 Nominal GDP ges'kk vf/d gksrh gS] D;ksafd blesa eqnzkLiQhfr Hkh tqM+h gksrh gSA
 Nominal GDP esa Production Value ugha ns[k ikrs gSaA Nominal GDP ml lky ds Price ij fudkyk tkrk gS ftl lky
dh GDP dks fudky jgs gSaA
Pencil Per Pencil Price Production Nominal GDP
2011 5 20 5 × 20 = 100
2012 6 19 6 × 19 = 114
2020 7 18 7 × 18 = 126
2021 10 15 10 × 15 = 160
2022 15 14 15 × 14 = 210
Real GDP
 tc ,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY;ksa dh x.kuk vk/kj o"kZ ds ewY; (fLFkj dherksa) ij dh tkrh gSA
 blds vkadM+s fo'oluh; ekus tkrs gSa] D;ksafd blls vFkZO;oLFkk dh lgh ,oa vf/d okLrfod fLFkfr Li"V gksrh gSA
 tc ge Real GDP dks fudkyrs gSa rks Price ge vk/kj o"kZ dk ysrs gSa vkSj Production pkyw o"kZ dk ysrs gSaA
Pencil Per Pencil Price Production Nominal GDP Real GDP
2011 5 20 5 × 20 = 100 5 × 20 = 100
2012 6 19 6 × 19 = 114 5 × 19 = 95
2020 7 18 7 × 18 = 126 5 × 18 = 90
2021 10 15 10 × 15 = 160 5 × 15 = 75
2022 15 14 15 × 14 = 210 5 × 14 = 70
GDP = GDP =
 Base Year = 2011

 GDP Deflector = Nominal GDP ×100
Real GDP
Purchasing Power Parity
 ;g varjk"Vªh; fofue; dk ,d fl¼kar gSA
 ;g ns'kksa ds chp oLrq ;k lsok dh dher esa ekStwn varj gSA
 fdlh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkdkj dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS A
 PPP ds ekè;e ls ;g irk yxk;k tkrk gS fd nks ns'kksa ds chp eqnzk dh Ø; 'kfDr esa fdruk varj ;k fiQj lerk ekStwn gS \
 PPP }kjk eqnzk fofue; nj dks r; fd;k tkrk gSA
 PPP ds vk/kj ij Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk rhljs LFkku ij gSA izFke rFkk nwljs LFkku ij phu vesfjdk gSA
 Hkkjr dk PPP vkSj vesfjdk ds PPP esa 17 xquk dk varj gSA
India = US × 17




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Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [2] By : Khan Sir

, KHAN G.S. RESEARCH CENTRE
Time : 9 to 10 AM ECONOMICS

(Proverty)
 xjhch mu oLrqvksa dh i;kZIr vkiwfrZ dk vHkko gS
tks O;fDr rFkk mlds ifjokj ds LokLF; vkSj dq'kyrk
dks cuk;s j[kus esa vko';d gSA (NSO)
 xjhch og ik¡p ewyHkwr phtksa esa ls ,d ;k ,d ls
vf/d dh deh gks tkrh gSA (i) Hkkstu] (ii) oL=k]
(iii) vkokl] (iv) f'k{kk] (v) fpfdRlk
 xjhch fuEure
thou&;kiu Lrj djus dh vleFkZrk gS] ;kuh tc Data Collection Methods
fuEure thou&;kiu Lrj Hkh izkIr ugha fd;k tk
ldsA
 og O;fDr ftldh izfrfnu
dh vk; 2 vesfjdh MkWyj ls de gS] og xjhch gSA
 (1971)
xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=kksa esa izfrfnu 2400
dSyksjh izkIr djus ds fy, vko';d /ujkf'kA
(2009)
 blesa dSyksjh ds LFkku ij izfr O;fDr ekfld miHkksx
O;; dks vk/kj cuk;k x;kA
 'kgjh {ks=k esa 1000 #i;s izfr O;fDr izzfr ekg (33
#i;s izfr fnu) vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=k ds fy;s 816 #i;s
izfr ekg (27 #i;s izfr fnu) ls de [kpZ djus fujis{k xjhch ls vFkZ ml U;w ure vk; dh vlekurkvksa ds vkèkkj
okys yksx xjhc gSaA ls gS ftldh ,d ifjokj ds fy, ifjHkkf"kr] bl laca/ esa fofHkUu
(2012) vk/kjHkwr U;wure vko';drkvksa dh oxks± ;k ns'kksa ds fuokZg Lrj
iwfrZ gsrq vko';drk gksrh gS rFkk ftls ij ;k izfr O;fDr vk; dh
 'kgjh {ks=k esa 1407 #i;s izfr O;fDr izfr ekg (47
#i;s izfr fnu) vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=k ds fy;s 972 #i;s og ifjokj tqVk ikus esa vleFkZ gksrk gS A rqyuk djds xjhch dk irk
izfr O;fDr izfr ekg (32 #i;s izfr fnu) ls de yxk;k tkrk gSA
[kpZ djus okys yksx xjhc gSaA
National Statistical Office NSO
 2019 esa NSSO vkSj CSO ds foy; ls jk"Vªh;
lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; (National Statistical Office-
NSO) dk xBu gqvkA 2019 ls igys Hkkjr esa
xjhch dk vuqeku NSSO n~okjk fd;k tkrk FkkA
ftldh LFkkiuk 1950 esa gqvkA tks dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh  1905 esa eSDl vks- ykWjsat us fodflr fd;k FkkA
vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; ds v/hu FkkA  fdlh ns'k ds yksxksa ds chp vk; dh fo"kerk dks
Kkr djrs gSaA
Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [1] By : Khan Sir