NURS 3325 Exam 4 Concepts Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update 2025-
2026
Types of Obstructive Lung Disease - Answers Asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis
Types of Respiratory Tract Infections - Answers Pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis
Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury - Answers Direct damage to kidneys (e.g., nephrotoxins, acute
tubular necrosis)
Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury - Answers Caused by decreased renal perfusion (e.g., dehydration,
heart failure)
V/Q Ratio - Answers Ventilation/perfusion ratio; imbalance can cause hypoxia
Pink Puffer - Answers Emphysema presentation: dyspnea, pursed-lip breathing, no cyanosis
Blue Bloater - Answers Chronic bronchitis: cyanosis, cough, sputum, peripheral edema
Agonist - Answers Activates a receptor to produce a response
Antagonist - Answers Blocks a receptor to prevent a response
Abnormal Breath Sounds - Answers Crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, stridor
CVA (Stroke) - Answers Interruption of cerebral blood flow causing brain injury
TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack) - Answers Temporary blockage of cerebral blood flow, resolves
in <24 hours
Anatomy of Nervous System - Answers CNS (brain & spinal cord), PNS (cranial & spinal nerves)
Chronic Neurological Disorders - Answers Parkinson's, MS, Alzheimer's, epilepsy
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) - Answers Most common site of ischemic stroke
Alveoli - Answers Air sacs in lungs for gas exchange
Costovertebral Angle (CVA) - Answers Area on back used to assess kidney tenderness
Flank Pain - Answers Common in kidney issues (e.g., pyelonephritis, stones)
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) - Answers Sudden night-time dyspnea, linked to
heart/kidney failure
Dyspnea - Answers Difficulty breathing
Sputum - Answers Mucus coughed up from lower airways
, Hematemesis - Answers Vomiting blood
Orthopnea - Answers Difficulty breathing when lying flat
Cyanosis - Answers Bluish skin from poor oxygenation
Hyperventilation - Answers Rapid/deep breathing → low CO₂
Hypoxia - Answers Low oxygen in tissues
Hypoxemia - Answers Low oxygen in blood
Hypercapnia - Answers Elevated CO₂ in blood
Neutrophil Elastase - Answers Enzyme that destroys alveolar walls in emphysema
Atheromas - Answers Fatty plaques in arteries
PNS - Answers Peripheral Nervous System
CNS - Answers Central Nervous System
MCA - Answers Middle Cerebral Artery
Aphasia - Answers Impaired speech/language comprehension
Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury - Answers Obstruction in urinary tract
S&S GI Dysfunction - Answers Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, pain
Asthma Etiology - Answers Genetic + environmental triggers → airway inflammation
Barrel Chest - Answers Hyperinflated chest seen in emphysema
Cor Pulmonale - Answers Right heart failure from chronic lung disease
Polycythemia - Answers Increased RBC count, often from chronic hypoxia
COPD Risk Factors - Answers Smoking, pollution, genetics, recurrent infections
Dementia S&S - Answers Memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment
Helicobacter pylori Infection - Answers Cause of ulcers and chronic gastritis
IBS vs IBD - Answers IBS: functional, no inflammation; IBD: inflammatory (Crohn's, UC)
Common COPD Manifestations - Answers Dyspnea, cough, sputum, barrel chest
Primary Emphysema - Answers Caused by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
2026
Types of Obstructive Lung Disease - Answers Asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis
Types of Respiratory Tract Infections - Answers Pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis
Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury - Answers Direct damage to kidneys (e.g., nephrotoxins, acute
tubular necrosis)
Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury - Answers Caused by decreased renal perfusion (e.g., dehydration,
heart failure)
V/Q Ratio - Answers Ventilation/perfusion ratio; imbalance can cause hypoxia
Pink Puffer - Answers Emphysema presentation: dyspnea, pursed-lip breathing, no cyanosis
Blue Bloater - Answers Chronic bronchitis: cyanosis, cough, sputum, peripheral edema
Agonist - Answers Activates a receptor to produce a response
Antagonist - Answers Blocks a receptor to prevent a response
Abnormal Breath Sounds - Answers Crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, stridor
CVA (Stroke) - Answers Interruption of cerebral blood flow causing brain injury
TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack) - Answers Temporary blockage of cerebral blood flow, resolves
in <24 hours
Anatomy of Nervous System - Answers CNS (brain & spinal cord), PNS (cranial & spinal nerves)
Chronic Neurological Disorders - Answers Parkinson's, MS, Alzheimer's, epilepsy
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) - Answers Most common site of ischemic stroke
Alveoli - Answers Air sacs in lungs for gas exchange
Costovertebral Angle (CVA) - Answers Area on back used to assess kidney tenderness
Flank Pain - Answers Common in kidney issues (e.g., pyelonephritis, stones)
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) - Answers Sudden night-time dyspnea, linked to
heart/kidney failure
Dyspnea - Answers Difficulty breathing
Sputum - Answers Mucus coughed up from lower airways
, Hematemesis - Answers Vomiting blood
Orthopnea - Answers Difficulty breathing when lying flat
Cyanosis - Answers Bluish skin from poor oxygenation
Hyperventilation - Answers Rapid/deep breathing → low CO₂
Hypoxia - Answers Low oxygen in tissues
Hypoxemia - Answers Low oxygen in blood
Hypercapnia - Answers Elevated CO₂ in blood
Neutrophil Elastase - Answers Enzyme that destroys alveolar walls in emphysema
Atheromas - Answers Fatty plaques in arteries
PNS - Answers Peripheral Nervous System
CNS - Answers Central Nervous System
MCA - Answers Middle Cerebral Artery
Aphasia - Answers Impaired speech/language comprehension
Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury - Answers Obstruction in urinary tract
S&S GI Dysfunction - Answers Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, pain
Asthma Etiology - Answers Genetic + environmental triggers → airway inflammation
Barrel Chest - Answers Hyperinflated chest seen in emphysema
Cor Pulmonale - Answers Right heart failure from chronic lung disease
Polycythemia - Answers Increased RBC count, often from chronic hypoxia
COPD Risk Factors - Answers Smoking, pollution, genetics, recurrent infections
Dementia S&S - Answers Memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment
Helicobacter pylori Infection - Answers Cause of ulcers and chronic gastritis
IBS vs IBD - Answers IBS: functional, no inflammation; IBD: inflammatory (Crohn's, UC)
Common COPD Manifestations - Answers Dyspnea, cough, sputum, barrel chest
Primary Emphysema - Answers Caused by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
