BIO 261 EXAM 1 EXAM WITH CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What is Physiology? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>The study of how the body works to
maintain life
What is Pathophysiology? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>How physiological processes are
altered in disease or injury
What are the two main Body-Fluid Compartments? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>intracellular and extracellular compartments separated by cell's outer
membrane
In the Intracellular compartments... - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>biochemistry is
happening 24/7, all cells have intracellular fluid inside their cell
What is the Extracellular Body-Fluid compartment composed of? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>blood plasma, and interstitial fluid
What is homestasis? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>it is the maintenance of fairly constant
internal conditions
- around physiological set points
- maintained by negative feedback loops
,Homeostatic Set Point (average) - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>the point our body tries to
maintain with all the various necessities our body calls for
How does our body try and maintain homeostasis? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>through
the negative feedback loop
What does the sensor of the Negative Feedback Loop do? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>a
neuron that detects deviation from set point
What does the integrating center of the Negative Feedback Loop do? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>the nervous system/brain that determines response
What does the effector of the Negative Feedback Loop do? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>a
neuron or the endocrine system produces response
What is our normal body temperature? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>98.6F or 37C
Intrinsic Control Mechanisms - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>local control mechanisms
from within the cells or tissues that help the body regain homeostasis
Extrinsic Control Mechanisms - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>global or "systemic"
mechanisms from outside the cells or tissues that help the body regain homeostasis.
Generally involves either the nervous system or the endocrine system or both
,What elements are life composed of? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>Hydrogen, Sodium,
Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur,
Chlorine
Covalent Bonds - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>- Bonds created by sharing electrons with
other atoms
in nonpolar covalent bonds electrons are shared equally
- ex (H2,N2,)2)
in nonpolar covalent bonds... - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>electrons are shared equally
- ex (H2,N2,)2)
In polar covalent bonds... - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>electrons are shared unequally
- pulled more toward one atom
have + and - poles
- oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus have strong pull
- ex H20
How are ions formed in a solution? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>it occurs when valence
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
What is a cation? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>positively charged ion (loses electrons)
What is an anion? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>negatively charged ion (gains electrons)
, What are Ionic Bonds? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>- bond formed by attraction of + and -
charges
- ionic bonds are WEAKER than polar covalent bonds
- dissociate when dissolved in H2O because H2O forms hydration spheres around ions
- ex. NaCl
What is a Hydrogen Bond? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>When hydrogen forms polar
bonds with another atom it takes on a slight + charge making it attracted to any nearby
- charged atoms
- creates surface tension
What are Hydrophilic molecules? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>molecules that are soluble
in water
- aka Lipophobic
- readily form hydration spheres
- polar molecules
- glucose and amino acids
What are Hydrophobic molecules? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>water fearing molecules
that are nonpolar and cannot form hydration spheres (Lipophillic)
Acids - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>release protons (H+) in a solution
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What is Physiology? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>The study of how the body works to
maintain life
What is Pathophysiology? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>How physiological processes are
altered in disease or injury
What are the two main Body-Fluid Compartments? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>intracellular and extracellular compartments separated by cell's outer
membrane
In the Intracellular compartments... - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>biochemistry is
happening 24/7, all cells have intracellular fluid inside their cell
What is the Extracellular Body-Fluid compartment composed of? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>blood plasma, and interstitial fluid
What is homestasis? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>it is the maintenance of fairly constant
internal conditions
- around physiological set points
- maintained by negative feedback loops
,Homeostatic Set Point (average) - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>the point our body tries to
maintain with all the various necessities our body calls for
How does our body try and maintain homeostasis? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>through
the negative feedback loop
What does the sensor of the Negative Feedback Loop do? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>a
neuron that detects deviation from set point
What does the integrating center of the Negative Feedback Loop do? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>the nervous system/brain that determines response
What does the effector of the Negative Feedback Loop do? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>a
neuron or the endocrine system produces response
What is our normal body temperature? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>98.6F or 37C
Intrinsic Control Mechanisms - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>local control mechanisms
from within the cells or tissues that help the body regain homeostasis
Extrinsic Control Mechanisms - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>global or "systemic"
mechanisms from outside the cells or tissues that help the body regain homeostasis.
Generally involves either the nervous system or the endocrine system or both
,What elements are life composed of? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>Hydrogen, Sodium,
Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur,
Chlorine
Covalent Bonds - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>- Bonds created by sharing electrons with
other atoms
in nonpolar covalent bonds electrons are shared equally
- ex (H2,N2,)2)
in nonpolar covalent bonds... - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>electrons are shared equally
- ex (H2,N2,)2)
In polar covalent bonds... - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>electrons are shared unequally
- pulled more toward one atom
have + and - poles
- oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus have strong pull
- ex H20
How are ions formed in a solution? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>it occurs when valence
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
What is a cation? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>positively charged ion (loses electrons)
What is an anion? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>negatively charged ion (gains electrons)
, What are Ionic Bonds? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>- bond formed by attraction of + and -
charges
- ionic bonds are WEAKER than polar covalent bonds
- dissociate when dissolved in H2O because H2O forms hydration spheres around ions
- ex. NaCl
What is a Hydrogen Bond? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>When hydrogen forms polar
bonds with another atom it takes on a slight + charge making it attracted to any nearby
- charged atoms
- creates surface tension
What are Hydrophilic molecules? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>molecules that are soluble
in water
- aka Lipophobic
- readily form hydration spheres
- polar molecules
- glucose and amino acids
What are Hydrophobic molecules? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>water fearing molecules
that are nonpolar and cannot form hydration spheres (Lipophillic)
Acids - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>release protons (H+) in a solution
