PHYSIOLOGY 261 FINAL STUDY GUIDE
EXAM WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2025
Physiology - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe study of the normal functioning of a living
organism.
Homeostasis - CORRECT-ANSWERSRegulation of the body's internal environment &
quickly restores changed condition to normal.
Placebo - CORRECT-ANSWERSDrug that has no pharmacological effect
Cations - CORRECT-ANSWERSA positively charged ion with fewer electrons than
protons
Anion - CORRECT-ANSWERSnegatively charged with more electrons than protons
Isotopes - CORRECT-ANSWERSatoms of one element that have different number of
neurons in their nuclei
,Active cellular transport - CORRECT-ANSWERSmovement of molecules across a cell
membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration -
against concentration gradient. (requires cellular energy to achieve this movement)
primary (Direct) active transport - CORRECT-ANSWERSenergy comes directly from
ATP
Secondary (Indirect) active transport - CORRECT-ANSWERSuse potential energy
stored in a concentration gradient and is indirectly driven by energy from ATP
Refractory period - CORRECT-ANSWERSBrief period during which a second action
potential cannot be triggered
relative refractory period - CORRECT-ANSWERShigher than normal graded potential is
required to trigger an action potential
Isotonic muscle contraction - CORRECT-ANSWERScreates force & moves a load
, isometric muscle contraction - CORRECT-ANSWERScreates force without moving a
load
Intercalated disc - CORRECT-ANSWERSSpecialized cell junctions within the cardiac
muscle
myocardial cells linked to one another that contain gap junction that allow depolarization
to spread rapidly from cell to cell
MI - CORRECT-ANSWERSMyocardial infarction
heart attack, damage to myocardial tissues caused by prolonged ichemial/hypoxia
Isovolumic ventricular systole - CORRECT-ANSWERSWhen ventricles contract with no
corresponding volume change
Cardiac output (CO) - CORRECT-ANSWERSHeart rate & stroke volume is the volume
pumped per ventricle per unit time. (heart rate x stroke volume= cardiac output). Volume
of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time
EXAM WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2025
Physiology - CORRECT-ANSWERSthe study of the normal functioning of a living
organism.
Homeostasis - CORRECT-ANSWERSRegulation of the body's internal environment &
quickly restores changed condition to normal.
Placebo - CORRECT-ANSWERSDrug that has no pharmacological effect
Cations - CORRECT-ANSWERSA positively charged ion with fewer electrons than
protons
Anion - CORRECT-ANSWERSnegatively charged with more electrons than protons
Isotopes - CORRECT-ANSWERSatoms of one element that have different number of
neurons in their nuclei
,Active cellular transport - CORRECT-ANSWERSmovement of molecules across a cell
membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration -
against concentration gradient. (requires cellular energy to achieve this movement)
primary (Direct) active transport - CORRECT-ANSWERSenergy comes directly from
ATP
Secondary (Indirect) active transport - CORRECT-ANSWERSuse potential energy
stored in a concentration gradient and is indirectly driven by energy from ATP
Refractory period - CORRECT-ANSWERSBrief period during which a second action
potential cannot be triggered
relative refractory period - CORRECT-ANSWERShigher than normal graded potential is
required to trigger an action potential
Isotonic muscle contraction - CORRECT-ANSWERScreates force & moves a load
, isometric muscle contraction - CORRECT-ANSWERScreates force without moving a
load
Intercalated disc - CORRECT-ANSWERSSpecialized cell junctions within the cardiac
muscle
myocardial cells linked to one another that contain gap junction that allow depolarization
to spread rapidly from cell to cell
MI - CORRECT-ANSWERSMyocardial infarction
heart attack, damage to myocardial tissues caused by prolonged ichemial/hypoxia
Isovolumic ventricular systole - CORRECT-ANSWERSWhen ventricles contract with no
corresponding volume change
Cardiac output (CO) - CORRECT-ANSWERSHeart rate & stroke volume is the volume
pumped per ventricle per unit time. (heart rate x stroke volume= cardiac output). Volume
of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time
