1
NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 LATEST 2024-
2025 WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWER AND BEST GRADED
What are the characteristics of chronic bronchitis? - -answer--smoking history;
age of onset: 30-40 years;
barrel chest may be present;
SOB predominant early symptom;
rhonchi often present;
sputum frequent early manifestation;
"blue bloaters";
often dramatic cyanosis;
hypercapnia and hypoxemia may be present early;
frequent cor pulmonale and polycythemia;
numerous life threatening episodes due to acute exacerbations;
obese
What is ventilation? - -answer--the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? - -answer--the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - -answer--increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
1
, 2
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - -answer--decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - -answer--lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? - -answer--surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance? - -answer--opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction;
primarily determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs? - -answer--ease with which the lungs can be inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in? - -answer--neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in? - -answer--elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant? - -answer--complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest bronchioles
containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces surface tension
throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
What produces surfactant? - -answer--produced by the Type II alveolar cells
2
, 3
What is Ohm's law? - -answer--velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - -answer--resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - -answer--the resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - -answer--the top of the lungs are more
distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - -answer--lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - -answer--vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - -answer--pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - -answer--capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - -answer--acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
3
, 4
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - -answer--alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - -answer--deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - -answer--decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia? - -answer--decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? - -answer--decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - -answer--decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood
flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - -answer--decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic
substance
What is ischemia? - -answer--greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial system,
producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? - -answer--increased level of CO2 in the blood
4
NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 LATEST 2024-
2025 WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWER AND BEST GRADED
What are the characteristics of chronic bronchitis? - -answer--smoking history;
age of onset: 30-40 years;
barrel chest may be present;
SOB predominant early symptom;
rhonchi often present;
sputum frequent early manifestation;
"blue bloaters";
often dramatic cyanosis;
hypercapnia and hypoxemia may be present early;
frequent cor pulmonale and polycythemia;
numerous life threatening episodes due to acute exacerbations;
obese
What is ventilation? - -answer--the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? - -answer--the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - -answer--increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
1
, 2
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - -answer--decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - -answer--lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? - -answer--surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance? - -answer--opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction;
primarily determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs? - -answer--ease with which the lungs can be inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in? - -answer--neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in? - -answer--elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant? - -answer--complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest bronchioles
containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces surface tension
throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
What produces surfactant? - -answer--produced by the Type II alveolar cells
2
, 3
What is Ohm's law? - -answer--velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - -answer--resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - -answer--the resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - -answer--the top of the lungs are more
distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - -answer--lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - -answer--vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - -answer--pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - -answer--capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - -answer--acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
3
, 4
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - -answer--alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - -answer--deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - -answer--decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia? - -answer--decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? - -answer--decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - -answer--decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood
flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - -answer--decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic
substance
What is ischemia? - -answer--greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial system,
producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? - -answer--increased level of CO2 in the blood
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