Nightingale College Pathophysiology - Final study guide / Questions & Expertly Verified Answers, Newest update 2025 / 2026.

Nightingale College Pathophysiology - Final study guide / Questions & Expertly Verified Answers, Newest update 2025 / 2026. Quiz_________________? Acute and Chronic pyelonephritis - Answer Inflammation of the kidney due to bacterial infection, often caused by E. coli or other pathogens. Acute pyelonephritis typically presents with fever, flank pain, and urinary symptoms, while chronic pyelonephritis can lead to renal scarring and dysfunction over time. Quiz_________________? Adenocarcinoma - Answer A type of lung cancer that originates in the glandular cells of the lung, often in the peripheral areas, and can spread to other parts of the body. Quiz_________________? Adenomyosis - Answer A condition where the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows into the muscle layer of the uterus, causing pain and heavy bleeding during menstruation. Quiz_________________? Alveolar dead space - Answer A condition where air is inhaled into the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs) but cannot participate in gas exchange, leading to a decreased efficiency of breathing. Quiz_________________? Aortic stenosis - Answer Aortic stenosis is a type of valvular stenosis that affects the aortic valve, which is responsible for regulating blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body. The condition occurs when the valve becomes thickened and narrowed, leading to reduced blood flow through the valve and subsequent symptoms like chest pain, dizziness, and fainting. Quiz_________________? Atherosclerosis - Answer A condition where plaque builds up in the walls of arteries, causing narrowing and potential blockage of blood flow, leading to potential complications such as heart attack and stroke. Quiz_________________? Balanitis - Answer Inflammation of the glans penis, often due to infection or other causes. Quiz_________________? Cause and general pathophysiology of different types of anemia (pernicious anemia) - Answer Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12, which is essential for the formation of red blood cells. Without enough B12, red blood cells become larger and malformed, leading to a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells and subsequent anemia. The condition is also characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells, which are responsible for producing intrinsic factor, a protein that helps the body absorb vitamin B12. Quiz_________________? Chronic bronchitis - Answer A type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by chronic inflammation of the bronchi and excessive mucus production, leading to cough and difficulty breathing. Quiz_________________? Chronic pancreatitis - Answer A long-term inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to progressive damage and dysfunction, often related to alcohol abuse or other factors. Quiz_________________? Classification of anemias - Answer Anemias can be classified based on the size and color of red blood cells as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic. Microcytic anemias are characterized by small red blood cells and may be caused by iron deficiency or genetic disorders like thalassemia. Normocytic anemias have normal-sized red blood cells and can be caused by a variety of factors, including acute blood loss, hemolysis, and bone marrow suppression. Macrocytic anemias are characterized by large red blood cells and can be caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid. Quiz_________________? Clinical manifestations and evaluation of multiple myeloma, leukemias, and Burkitt lymphoma. - Answer The clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma include bone pain, fatigue, anemia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, and recurrent infections. Leukemia presents with symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, fever, and bleeding or bruising. Burkitt lymphoma presents with rapid-onset swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Evaluation may include blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies. Quiz_________________? Clinical presentation of lymphoma - Answer Lymphoma may present with painless swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. Quiz_________________? Colorectal cancer - Answer A cancer that starts in the colon or rectum and can cause a range of symptoms such as abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and changes in bowel habits. Risk factors include age, family history, and certain lifestyle factors. Quiz_________________? Compare and contrast thrombus and emboli - Answer A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and may or may not cause symptoms, while an embolus is a clot or other particle that travels through the bloodstream and can cause a blockage in a smaller vessel.