NSG552 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1
REVIEW NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM WITH
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS FROM A VERIFIED SOURCE
|ALREADY GRADED A+
General principles of psychopharmacological treatment - CORRECT
ANSWER-Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy, Practicality, Treatment
accessibility, Treatment compliance
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER-How the drug moves in the
body. (ex. Where is it absorbed? How and where is it metabolized?
Where is it excreted?)
Pharmacodynamics - CORRECT ANSWER-What the drug does to the
body. (consider mechanism of action)
First-generation antipsychotics - CORRECT ANSWER-Referred to as
Typical Antipsychotics. Most have strong bond with D2 receptors only,
cause EPS symptoms faster due to prolonged receptor dissociation,
have more dangerous side effect profiles, have been around longer,
,more effective at treating positive symptoms, less expensive. (Ex.
Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, Fluphenazine)
Second-generation antipsychotics - CORRECT ANSWER-Referred to
as Atypical Antipsychotics. Most have a weak bond with D2 receptors
and block serotonin receptors leading to anti-depressive and anxiolytic
effects. They cause less EPS due to rapid receptor disassociation
which leads to rapid dopamine neurotransmission. Have less dangerous
side effect profiles but can cause metabolic syndromes, have been
around shorter time, more expensive, more effective at treating
negative symptoms but can treat positive symptoms as well, long-acting
injections available for several of these. (Ex. Risperidone, Clozapine,
Quetiapine, Aripiprazole, Ziprasidone)
Extra Pyramidal Symptoms (EPS) - CORRECT ANSWER-Side effects
caused by certain antipsychotic medications, which include: involuntary
or uncontrollable movements, tremors, muscle contractions.
Tardive dyskinesia - CORRECT ANSWER-A neurological disorder
characterized by involuntary movement of the face and jaw.
Upregulation - CORRECT ANSWER-Occurs through chronic use of
antagonists which causes an increase in the number of receptors,
externalization of receptors, and increased sensitivity of the
receptors. Prolonged use of antagonist -> Up-regulation of receptors ->
,Sudden withdrawal of antagonist -> increased number of receptors and
increased sensitivity of receptors. *YOU MUST GRADUALLY TAPER A
DRUG TO AVOID BINDING TO ALL NEW RECEPTORS FROM
UPREGULATION.
Down regulation - CORRECT ANSWER-Occurs by chronic exposure of
agonists which causes decreased number of receptors, internalization
of receptors, and decreased sensitivity of the receptors. Prolonged use
of agonist -> down-regulation of receptors -> decreased effectiveness
of agonist mediated clinical response. You have two options: 1 Increase
the drug dose OR 2 Switch to another drug (BEST OPTION).
Receptor profile - CORRECT ANSWER-The receptors that each drug
binds to (example, risperidone's receptor profile would like... (a)
Blockade of 5HT2A and D2 receptors (b) High affinity for a1, a2, and
H1 receptors).
Binding - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to a drug metabolite or
neurotransmitter attaching to a receptor.
Affinity - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to the 'preference' or
likelihood of a drug to bind to a certain receptor. Linked to potency.
CYP450 - CORRECT ANSWER-A group of enzymes in the liver that
metabolize different drugs. There are six.
, CYP450 Enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER-A family of enzymes involved
in drug metabolism.
CYP1A2 - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes Acetaminophen.
CYP2B6 - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes artemisinin, bupropion,
cyclophosphamide, efavirenz, ketamine, and methadone.
CYP2C9 - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes Warfarin/Coumadin.
CYP2C19 - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes PPIs, antidepressants,
antiplatelet, antifungals, and anticancer drugs.
CYP2D6 - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes cardiovascular drugs.
CYP3A4 - CORRECT ANSWER-Most common and ambiguous CYP450
enzyme.
CYP2EI - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes ethanol (ETOH).
CYP450 inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-Decreases drug metabolism.
REVIEW NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM WITH
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS FROM A VERIFIED SOURCE
|ALREADY GRADED A+
General principles of psychopharmacological treatment - CORRECT
ANSWER-Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy, Practicality, Treatment
accessibility, Treatment compliance
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER-How the drug moves in the
body. (ex. Where is it absorbed? How and where is it metabolized?
Where is it excreted?)
Pharmacodynamics - CORRECT ANSWER-What the drug does to the
body. (consider mechanism of action)
First-generation antipsychotics - CORRECT ANSWER-Referred to as
Typical Antipsychotics. Most have strong bond with D2 receptors only,
cause EPS symptoms faster due to prolonged receptor dissociation,
have more dangerous side effect profiles, have been around longer,
,more effective at treating positive symptoms, less expensive. (Ex.
Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, Fluphenazine)
Second-generation antipsychotics - CORRECT ANSWER-Referred to
as Atypical Antipsychotics. Most have a weak bond with D2 receptors
and block serotonin receptors leading to anti-depressive and anxiolytic
effects. They cause less EPS due to rapid receptor disassociation
which leads to rapid dopamine neurotransmission. Have less dangerous
side effect profiles but can cause metabolic syndromes, have been
around shorter time, more expensive, more effective at treating
negative symptoms but can treat positive symptoms as well, long-acting
injections available for several of these. (Ex. Risperidone, Clozapine,
Quetiapine, Aripiprazole, Ziprasidone)
Extra Pyramidal Symptoms (EPS) - CORRECT ANSWER-Side effects
caused by certain antipsychotic medications, which include: involuntary
or uncontrollable movements, tremors, muscle contractions.
Tardive dyskinesia - CORRECT ANSWER-A neurological disorder
characterized by involuntary movement of the face and jaw.
Upregulation - CORRECT ANSWER-Occurs through chronic use of
antagonists which causes an increase in the number of receptors,
externalization of receptors, and increased sensitivity of the
receptors. Prolonged use of antagonist -> Up-regulation of receptors ->
,Sudden withdrawal of antagonist -> increased number of receptors and
increased sensitivity of receptors. *YOU MUST GRADUALLY TAPER A
DRUG TO AVOID BINDING TO ALL NEW RECEPTORS FROM
UPREGULATION.
Down regulation - CORRECT ANSWER-Occurs by chronic exposure of
agonists which causes decreased number of receptors, internalization
of receptors, and decreased sensitivity of the receptors. Prolonged use
of agonist -> down-regulation of receptors -> decreased effectiveness
of agonist mediated clinical response. You have two options: 1 Increase
the drug dose OR 2 Switch to another drug (BEST OPTION).
Receptor profile - CORRECT ANSWER-The receptors that each drug
binds to (example, risperidone's receptor profile would like... (a)
Blockade of 5HT2A and D2 receptors (b) High affinity for a1, a2, and
H1 receptors).
Binding - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to a drug metabolite or
neurotransmitter attaching to a receptor.
Affinity - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to the 'preference' or
likelihood of a drug to bind to a certain receptor. Linked to potency.
CYP450 - CORRECT ANSWER-A group of enzymes in the liver that
metabolize different drugs. There are six.
, CYP450 Enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER-A family of enzymes involved
in drug metabolism.
CYP1A2 - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes Acetaminophen.
CYP2B6 - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes artemisinin, bupropion,
cyclophosphamide, efavirenz, ketamine, and methadone.
CYP2C9 - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes Warfarin/Coumadin.
CYP2C19 - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes PPIs, antidepressants,
antiplatelet, antifungals, and anticancer drugs.
CYP2D6 - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes cardiovascular drugs.
CYP3A4 - CORRECT ANSWER-Most common and ambiguous CYP450
enzyme.
CYP2EI - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolizes ethanol (ETOH).
CYP450 inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-Decreases drug metabolism.
