NUR 257 Exam 2 Review
Age-related changes of the skin - answer reduced number of melanocytes, thinning,
increased time for cell renewal, reduced thickness, reduced elastin, reduced sebum
production.
Age-related changes of the hair and nails - answer decreased nail growth, brittle nails,
nails change shape, hair thins, decreased pubic hair.
Age-related changes of the musculoskeletal - answer reduced muscle mass/strength,
reduced bone mineral density, reduced body water, reduced flexibility, decreased
estrogen=shorten appearance, kyphosis.
Age-related changes of the heart - answer takes longer for heart to accelerate and rest,
blood vessels stiffen, LV wall thickens, increased size of LA, reduced blood flow to
some organs, increased risk for HTN, baroreceptors don't work as well (help control
BP).
Age-related changes of respiratory - answer loss of elasticity= stiffened chest wall, less
efficient gas exchange, increased resistance to air flow; loss of recoil, decreased cough
response/effectiveness, cilia less effective=increase risk for infection
Age-related changes to the kidneys - answerincreased susceptibility to fluid and
electrolyte imbalances, decreased blood flow to kidneys, decreased size and function,
inability to excrete medications as well.
Age-related changes: Endocrine - answerDM2 and hypothyroidism increases, T3 levels
decrease, glands shrink, decreased secretion rate, increased insulin resistance.
Age-related changes: Reproductive - answerFemales: breasts smaller and less firm,
reproductive organs atrophy, decreased estrogen and lube, increased risk for vaginitis.
Males: decreased sperm mobility and testosterone, testicles atrophy, BPH, ejaculation
slow.
Age-related changes: GI - answerMouth: wear and tear of teeth = increased risk for
decay; gums recede and increase r/f oral and cardiac dz.
Esophagus: sluggish/erratic movement of muscles = increased r/f GERD
Stomach: decreased motility, reduced bicarb and gastric mucus = early sensation of
fullness, increased r/f pernicious anemia and peptic ulcer dz
Intestines: reduced function of intestinal villi = reduced ability to absorb nutrients
Liver: reduced blood flow = increased half-life of fat-soluble meds
FANCAPES - answerF - Fluids
, A - Aeration
N - Nutrition
C - Communication
A - Activity
P - Pain
E - Elimination
S - Socialization
SPICES - answerS: sleep disorders
P: problems with eating
I: incontinence
C: confusion
E: evidence of falls
S: skin breakdown
The Mini-Cog - answerscreening tool for short term memory. More sensitive to
dementia.
Name 3 objects, administer the clock drawing test, ask the person to repeat the objects
back to you.
1 point for each object recalled, 2 points for a normal clock, and 0 points for an
abnormal clock.
Clock Drawing - answerDo NOT use if pt is blind, has tremors, or affected from stroke.
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) - answerBrief 30-point questionnaire test that is
used to screen for cognitive impairment; commonly used to screen for dementia.
Global Deterioration Scale - answerClassic measure of the levels of cognitive changes
as one passes through the process of dementia. 7 stages
Geriatric Depression Scale - answera tool to assess for risk of depression in older
adults
Functional Assessment - answeridentify areas they need help in, changes in abilities
from one period to another, specific services needed, safety of current living situation.
ADLs - answerActivities of Daily Living such as eating, dressing, bathing.
IADLs - answerinstrumental activities of daily living: phone use, travel, shop, prepare
meals, housework, manage money, admin meds.
OASIS - answerUsed in certified home care agencies to ensure that the pts home is
safe for in home care.
Best time to assess patient - answerwhen pt feels their best
Age-related changes of the skin - answer reduced number of melanocytes, thinning,
increased time for cell renewal, reduced thickness, reduced elastin, reduced sebum
production.
Age-related changes of the hair and nails - answer decreased nail growth, brittle nails,
nails change shape, hair thins, decreased pubic hair.
Age-related changes of the musculoskeletal - answer reduced muscle mass/strength,
reduced bone mineral density, reduced body water, reduced flexibility, decreased
estrogen=shorten appearance, kyphosis.
Age-related changes of the heart - answer takes longer for heart to accelerate and rest,
blood vessels stiffen, LV wall thickens, increased size of LA, reduced blood flow to
some organs, increased risk for HTN, baroreceptors don't work as well (help control
BP).
Age-related changes of respiratory - answer loss of elasticity= stiffened chest wall, less
efficient gas exchange, increased resistance to air flow; loss of recoil, decreased cough
response/effectiveness, cilia less effective=increase risk for infection
Age-related changes to the kidneys - answerincreased susceptibility to fluid and
electrolyte imbalances, decreased blood flow to kidneys, decreased size and function,
inability to excrete medications as well.
Age-related changes: Endocrine - answerDM2 and hypothyroidism increases, T3 levels
decrease, glands shrink, decreased secretion rate, increased insulin resistance.
Age-related changes: Reproductive - answerFemales: breasts smaller and less firm,
reproductive organs atrophy, decreased estrogen and lube, increased risk for vaginitis.
Males: decreased sperm mobility and testosterone, testicles atrophy, BPH, ejaculation
slow.
Age-related changes: GI - answerMouth: wear and tear of teeth = increased risk for
decay; gums recede and increase r/f oral and cardiac dz.
Esophagus: sluggish/erratic movement of muscles = increased r/f GERD
Stomach: decreased motility, reduced bicarb and gastric mucus = early sensation of
fullness, increased r/f pernicious anemia and peptic ulcer dz
Intestines: reduced function of intestinal villi = reduced ability to absorb nutrients
Liver: reduced blood flow = increased half-life of fat-soluble meds
FANCAPES - answerF - Fluids
, A - Aeration
N - Nutrition
C - Communication
A - Activity
P - Pain
E - Elimination
S - Socialization
SPICES - answerS: sleep disorders
P: problems with eating
I: incontinence
C: confusion
E: evidence of falls
S: skin breakdown
The Mini-Cog - answerscreening tool for short term memory. More sensitive to
dementia.
Name 3 objects, administer the clock drawing test, ask the person to repeat the objects
back to you.
1 point for each object recalled, 2 points for a normal clock, and 0 points for an
abnormal clock.
Clock Drawing - answerDo NOT use if pt is blind, has tremors, or affected from stroke.
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) - answerBrief 30-point questionnaire test that is
used to screen for cognitive impairment; commonly used to screen for dementia.
Global Deterioration Scale - answerClassic measure of the levels of cognitive changes
as one passes through the process of dementia. 7 stages
Geriatric Depression Scale - answera tool to assess for risk of depression in older
adults
Functional Assessment - answeridentify areas they need help in, changes in abilities
from one period to another, specific services needed, safety of current living situation.
ADLs - answerActivities of Daily Living such as eating, dressing, bathing.
IADLs - answerinstrumental activities of daily living: phone use, travel, shop, prepare
meals, housework, manage money, admin meds.
OASIS - answerUsed in certified home care agencies to ensure that the pts home is
safe for in home care.
Best time to assess patient - answerwhen pt feels their best
