NUR 257
What is the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of certain
characteristics? – answer Epidemiological Triad
Epidemiological Triad - answer host, agent, environment
What is the Host? - answer Human, Animal or insect harboring an infectious agent
What is the agent? - answerThe microbe that caused the disease
What is the environment? - answerthe surroundings or conditions in which a person,
animal, or plant lives or operates.
Nurse explores how an infected person, mosquitoes and the environment contribute to
outbreaks of West Nile. - answerEpidemiological Triad Example
What emphasizes the interplay of physical, biological and social environments? -
answerWheel of Causation
Nurse decides to not focus on the transmission of Malaria but the physical environment,
biological aspects and social customs that affect disease prevalence. - answerWheel of
Causation Example
What emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role of
agent in explaining the illness? - answerWeb of Causation
Nurse explores all the possible factors that contribute to CAD in the community as links
to the whole chain. - answerWeb of Causation Example
What is the integrated pathogenesis of illness with primary, secondary and tertiary
prevention measures? - answerNatural History of Disease
What is the PRIORITY for natural history of disease? - answerEstablish the existence of
the outbreak
Steps in finding the natural history of disease - answerPrevent and control outbreaks
Establish existence of the outbreak
Describe according to person, place and time
Formulate and test hypothesis to the most probable factors
Implement a plan for control and prevention of further outbreak
Evaluate the results
Prepare Reports
,Conduct further research
What is the primary measurement used to describe the occurrence (quantity) and
existence of a specific state of health/ illness in a specific group of people each time? -
answerRates
Has there been an increase of the need for hospitalization among reported COVID
cases? - answerRates Example
Why do we calculate rates? - answerProvide the best indicator of the probability that a
specific state of health will occur.
Why do we use rates? - answerMeasuring the magnitude or frequency of a state of
health determines the characteristics of those who are at elevated risk.
What number is used for rates in large populations? - answer100,000 (often used and
then be presented as a %)
What number is used for rates in smaller populations? - answer100 (often used and
then be presented as a %)
What is a rate and how is it calculated? - answerFraction or a proportion that must be
multiplied by a base to be understood.
How much do we multiply the base by to calculate rates? - answer10
Why do we multiple the bases to better understand rates? - answerIt removes the
decimal which helps in fast comparison and and easier to interpret.
Any base that is multiple can be chosen in a rate above what value? - answer1
How are specific rates calculated? - answerPerson, place and time
Nurse compares the number or people 40-49 who die each year with the mid-year
population of persons in this age range per 100,000 population. - answerSpecific Rate
Example
What rate provides the best description of a health condition? - answerSpecific Rates
What is a statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the comparison
of a population (such as age) when comparing one with another? - answerAdjusted rate
What is a measurement of the occurrence of the health problem or condition being
investigated in the entire population? - answerCrude Rate
, Nurse is measuring the occurrence of CHF in the entire population? - answerCrude
Rate Example
What measures the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that
condition over a period? - answerIncidence Rate
What measures the number or people in each population who have an existing
condition at a given point in time? - answerPrevalence Rate
A nurse is concerned there has been an increase in the number of TB causes in the
country over the past year when compared with last year. - answerPrevalence Rate
Example
What is the ability of a test to identify people who HAVE the health problem under
study? - answerSensitivity
What is the ability of a test to correctly identify people who DO NOT HAVE the health
problem? - answerSpecificity
What factors are specific to the host? - answerAge
Sex
Race
Physical & Emotional Health
Immune Status
Portal of entry and exit
What is the time between exposure to an infectious agent and the manifestation of
symptoms in the host? - answerIncubation Period
What can be classified as a vehicle to transport disease? - answerContaminated
Surgical Equipment
Needle
Toy
Soiled Clothing
Bed Linen
Food
Water
Not washed or cotaminated hands
What is the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within
a population or geographic area? - answerEndemic
Chloroquine- resistance malaria is endemic in most of Africa the middle east, Asia and
all the south pacific islands. - answerEndemic Example
What factors affect incidence of STI's? - answerNew or multiple sex partners
What is the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of certain
characteristics? – answer Epidemiological Triad
Epidemiological Triad - answer host, agent, environment
What is the Host? - answer Human, Animal or insect harboring an infectious agent
What is the agent? - answerThe microbe that caused the disease
What is the environment? - answerthe surroundings or conditions in which a person,
animal, or plant lives or operates.
Nurse explores how an infected person, mosquitoes and the environment contribute to
outbreaks of West Nile. - answerEpidemiological Triad Example
What emphasizes the interplay of physical, biological and social environments? -
answerWheel of Causation
Nurse decides to not focus on the transmission of Malaria but the physical environment,
biological aspects and social customs that affect disease prevalence. - answerWheel of
Causation Example
What emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role of
agent in explaining the illness? - answerWeb of Causation
Nurse explores all the possible factors that contribute to CAD in the community as links
to the whole chain. - answerWeb of Causation Example
What is the integrated pathogenesis of illness with primary, secondary and tertiary
prevention measures? - answerNatural History of Disease
What is the PRIORITY for natural history of disease? - answerEstablish the existence of
the outbreak
Steps in finding the natural history of disease - answerPrevent and control outbreaks
Establish existence of the outbreak
Describe according to person, place and time
Formulate and test hypothesis to the most probable factors
Implement a plan for control and prevention of further outbreak
Evaluate the results
Prepare Reports
,Conduct further research
What is the primary measurement used to describe the occurrence (quantity) and
existence of a specific state of health/ illness in a specific group of people each time? -
answerRates
Has there been an increase of the need for hospitalization among reported COVID
cases? - answerRates Example
Why do we calculate rates? - answerProvide the best indicator of the probability that a
specific state of health will occur.
Why do we use rates? - answerMeasuring the magnitude or frequency of a state of
health determines the characteristics of those who are at elevated risk.
What number is used for rates in large populations? - answer100,000 (often used and
then be presented as a %)
What number is used for rates in smaller populations? - answer100 (often used and
then be presented as a %)
What is a rate and how is it calculated? - answerFraction or a proportion that must be
multiplied by a base to be understood.
How much do we multiply the base by to calculate rates? - answer10
Why do we multiple the bases to better understand rates? - answerIt removes the
decimal which helps in fast comparison and and easier to interpret.
Any base that is multiple can be chosen in a rate above what value? - answer1
How are specific rates calculated? - answerPerson, place and time
Nurse compares the number or people 40-49 who die each year with the mid-year
population of persons in this age range per 100,000 population. - answerSpecific Rate
Example
What rate provides the best description of a health condition? - answerSpecific Rates
What is a statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the comparison
of a population (such as age) when comparing one with another? - answerAdjusted rate
What is a measurement of the occurrence of the health problem or condition being
investigated in the entire population? - answerCrude Rate
, Nurse is measuring the occurrence of CHF in the entire population? - answerCrude
Rate Example
What measures the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that
condition over a period? - answerIncidence Rate
What measures the number or people in each population who have an existing
condition at a given point in time? - answerPrevalence Rate
A nurse is concerned there has been an increase in the number of TB causes in the
country over the past year when compared with last year. - answerPrevalence Rate
Example
What is the ability of a test to identify people who HAVE the health problem under
study? - answerSensitivity
What is the ability of a test to correctly identify people who DO NOT HAVE the health
problem? - answerSpecificity
What factors are specific to the host? - answerAge
Sex
Race
Physical & Emotional Health
Immune Status
Portal of entry and exit
What is the time between exposure to an infectious agent and the manifestation of
symptoms in the host? - answerIncubation Period
What can be classified as a vehicle to transport disease? - answerContaminated
Surgical Equipment
Needle
Toy
Soiled Clothing
Bed Linen
Food
Water
Not washed or cotaminated hands
What is the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within
a population or geographic area? - answerEndemic
Chloroquine- resistance malaria is endemic in most of Africa the middle east, Asia and
all the south pacific islands. - answerEndemic Example
What factors affect incidence of STI's? - answerNew or multiple sex partners
