Nursing 257 Exam 3
What are some ethical dilemmas in research? - answer1. whether to disclose or not
disclose, whether disclosure might decrease validity of the data
2. how equitably distributed the burdens and benefits
3. how to study sensitive topics without causing undue stress or emotional trauma
4. how to handle subjects' disclosures if they report something that leads the researcher
to believe that someone is in danger
Research misconduct - answer1. Fabrication (making up findings)
2. Falsification
3. Plagiarism
4. Coercion (putting undue pressure on potential subjects to participate)
5. Deception (not fulling disclosing the nature of the research when there was no
scientific reason no to disclose)
Nursing Knowledge Structure - answerKnowledge structures are based on concepts
and propositions; metaparadigm (most abstract), conceptual models, theories, empirical
indicators (most concrete)
Metaparadigm - answermost abstract level of nursing knowledge; descriptions of the
major concepts of discipline (client, environment, health, nursing)
Conceptual Model - answerless abstract than meta-paradigm, an assemble of concepts
pertinent to a common theme; some map out relationships among concepts
Theory - answerMore concrete descriptions of phenomena (consists of concepts and
propositions); testable with research
Classical theory - answeran abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are
interrelated
Descriptive theory - answerthoroughly describe a phenomenon
Levels of generality of theory - answerGrand (most abstract)
Middle range (middle degree of abstraction)
Situation specific (most concrete)
empirical indicators - answermost concrete level of knowledge; observable measures of
concepts and/or propositions
Nursing research - answersystematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence
about issues of importance of nurses and their clients
, Purpose of Research - answerGenerate knowledge (answer questions, test theories,
solve theories)
Investigation of a phenomenon (identify a problem, explain, predict, control)
Evidence Based Practice - answeremphasis is on identifying the best available research
evidence and integrating it with other factors in making clinical decisions
Standards 13
Purpose of EBP - answerto insure that nursing care is based on the best available
evidence
Process of EBP - answer1. Identify the clinical question or issue
2. search for evidence
3. appraise the quality of the evidence
4. integrate credible evidence into clinical decision making
Quality Improvement 6 Aims - answerSafety
Patient connectedness
efficiency
equity
effectiveness
timeliness
QI - answerHealth care value
ongoing process of measuring health care quality, taking EBP to improve quality,
evaluate the effect
Empirical Knowing - answerGenerating knowledge about a phenomena of interests;
applying EBP and QI; use of concepts and propositions (statement about the
relationships between concepts)
Shameful History of Research - answer-Tuskegee Institute of syphilis
-Nazis concentration camps
-Radiation experiments
-Denial of treatment to women with cervical cancer
Belmont Report of 1978 articulates 3 pertinent ethical principles: - answer1.
Beneficence (right to min. harm and max. benefit and to protect from exploitation)
2. Justice (right to fair treatment and privacy)
3. Respect for Human Dignity (right to self determination and full disclosure)
Research relates to which provisions in the nursing code of ethics - answerProvision 3
and Provision 7
What are some ethical dilemmas in research? - answer1. whether to disclose or not
disclose, whether disclosure might decrease validity of the data
2. how equitably distributed the burdens and benefits
3. how to study sensitive topics without causing undue stress or emotional trauma
4. how to handle subjects' disclosures if they report something that leads the researcher
to believe that someone is in danger
Research misconduct - answer1. Fabrication (making up findings)
2. Falsification
3. Plagiarism
4. Coercion (putting undue pressure on potential subjects to participate)
5. Deception (not fulling disclosing the nature of the research when there was no
scientific reason no to disclose)
Nursing Knowledge Structure - answerKnowledge structures are based on concepts
and propositions; metaparadigm (most abstract), conceptual models, theories, empirical
indicators (most concrete)
Metaparadigm - answermost abstract level of nursing knowledge; descriptions of the
major concepts of discipline (client, environment, health, nursing)
Conceptual Model - answerless abstract than meta-paradigm, an assemble of concepts
pertinent to a common theme; some map out relationships among concepts
Theory - answerMore concrete descriptions of phenomena (consists of concepts and
propositions); testable with research
Classical theory - answeran abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are
interrelated
Descriptive theory - answerthoroughly describe a phenomenon
Levels of generality of theory - answerGrand (most abstract)
Middle range (middle degree of abstraction)
Situation specific (most concrete)
empirical indicators - answermost concrete level of knowledge; observable measures of
concepts and/or propositions
Nursing research - answersystematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence
about issues of importance of nurses and their clients
, Purpose of Research - answerGenerate knowledge (answer questions, test theories,
solve theories)
Investigation of a phenomenon (identify a problem, explain, predict, control)
Evidence Based Practice - answeremphasis is on identifying the best available research
evidence and integrating it with other factors in making clinical decisions
Standards 13
Purpose of EBP - answerto insure that nursing care is based on the best available
evidence
Process of EBP - answer1. Identify the clinical question or issue
2. search for evidence
3. appraise the quality of the evidence
4. integrate credible evidence into clinical decision making
Quality Improvement 6 Aims - answerSafety
Patient connectedness
efficiency
equity
effectiveness
timeliness
QI - answerHealth care value
ongoing process of measuring health care quality, taking EBP to improve quality,
evaluate the effect
Empirical Knowing - answerGenerating knowledge about a phenomena of interests;
applying EBP and QI; use of concepts and propositions (statement about the
relationships between concepts)
Shameful History of Research - answer-Tuskegee Institute of syphilis
-Nazis concentration camps
-Radiation experiments
-Denial of treatment to women with cervical cancer
Belmont Report of 1978 articulates 3 pertinent ethical principles: - answer1.
Beneficence (right to min. harm and max. benefit and to protect from exploitation)
2. Justice (right to fair treatment and privacy)
3. Respect for Human Dignity (right to self determination and full disclosure)
Research relates to which provisions in the nursing code of ethics - answerProvision 3
and Provision 7
