8/17/25, 8:29
AM
NRS 340 EXAM 5 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026
Terms in this set (168)
-acute accumulation of fluid in the alveoli of the lungs
-it is a complication of heart disease and lung disease,
what is pulmonary edema? not primary
-mostly related to left sided HF caused by CAD or CHF.
-alveoli and airways become flood with fluid, so have
fluid IN the lung i.e crackles
-impaired gas exchange from a decrease in )2
nursing priority with and CO2 gas exchange at the alveolar level
pulmonary edema -respiratory acidosis occurs
-dyspnea, orthopnea (unable to lie flat due to SOB)
-jugular vein distention due to L. ventricle filling
pressure
-tachypnea greater than 30 breaths/min
clinical manifestations of -cough, forthy/blood tinge sputum
pulmonary edema -crackles/wheezes
-restlessness and anxiety feel like drowning
-hypoxemia, cyanosis
-activity intolerance
-#1 is oxygen, high flow nasal cannula, non-re-
1/34
,8/17/25, 8:29
AM
breather, positive pressure ventilation and
BiPAP
-#2 is diuretics so lasix of 80-120 mg to remove
nursing care for fluid from alveolar and reduce venous return
pulmonary edema -vasodilators like nitroglycerin and sodium
nitroprusside to decrease preload and after
load
-morphine to help with air hunger and cause
vasodilation
-low sodium diet
-fluid restriction
heart failure -increase dietary potassium
maintenance/nursing -monitor electrolyte imbalances
interventions -small frequent meals
-record daily weights
-anti-hypertensives
-ACE inhibitors to prevent vasoconstriction and
heart failure maintenance promote diuresis
medication -beta blockers to slow HR and vasodilate heart
vessels, reducing work of heart, and improve
CO
nursing diagnosis with impaired gas exchange on an avelor
heart failure level and excess fluid volume. treat
maintenance gas exchange with O2 and fluid with
diuretics
-abnormality or dysfunction in any of the heart
valves (tricuspid, mitral, pulmonic and aortic
2/34
,8/17/25, 8:29
AM
valves)
cardiac valve disorders -purpose of the cardiac valve is to control directional
(general definition) blood flow
-malfunctioning valves disrupt the flow of blood through
the heart
-left= lungs (back flow to lungs)
-right= body
-congenital heart defects
causes of valve disorders -degenerative prolonged cardiovascular disease like
CHF or rhematic fever
-infectious processes such as ineffective endocarditis
and rheumatic fever
-infection of inner layer of heart tissue, includes valve
ineffective endocarditis structures
-often bacterial
-attacks either healthy tissues or those with problems
such as valve dysfunction
rhematic fever/rheumatic inflammation of heart tissues, usually caused by strep A
heart disease infection
-caused by rhematic fever or ineffective endocarditis
-they can cause fibrotic changes, scarring of the
what can infectious heart valve leaflets, calcification of the valves,
diseases cause? thickening or shortening of the valves,
structural deformities cause obstruction of the
blood flow
-valvular heart disease is defined according to
the valve or valves affected and the type of
what is valvular heart functional alterations
3/34
, 8/17/25, 8:29
AM
disease? -3 functional alterations affecting the valves are
stenosis (problem of opening up),
regurgitation and prolapse (problems of staying
closed) both result in distribution of blood flow
-condition where the valve does not open completely,
impedes blood movement
-can be caused by hardened or stiff valves from
scarring or calcium deposits
what is valve stenosis? -blood now has to flow through smaller opening
-and there is less blood flow to the next
chamber and the previous ventricle has to work
harder to pump the blood forward
-blood backs up, becomes stasis which is a clot risk
-the increase work load on the previous chamber
causes hypertrophy
-where the valve does not close completely
-the valve structures may be loose, torn or stretched
what is valve thin and do not close tight
regurgitation? -this allows blood to leak back through into the
previous ventricle and the heart works harder
to re-pump the blood into the next chamber
-also have venous stasis so clot risk
-where the valve leaflets penetrate backward,
so the valve structures do not close completely
-can be due to damage or weakening
what is a valve prolapse? -may develop regurgitation with it
-heart must work harder to re-pump the blood into the
next chamber
4/34
AM
NRS 340 EXAM 5 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026
Terms in this set (168)
-acute accumulation of fluid in the alveoli of the lungs
-it is a complication of heart disease and lung disease,
what is pulmonary edema? not primary
-mostly related to left sided HF caused by CAD or CHF.
-alveoli and airways become flood with fluid, so have
fluid IN the lung i.e crackles
-impaired gas exchange from a decrease in )2
nursing priority with and CO2 gas exchange at the alveolar level
pulmonary edema -respiratory acidosis occurs
-dyspnea, orthopnea (unable to lie flat due to SOB)
-jugular vein distention due to L. ventricle filling
pressure
-tachypnea greater than 30 breaths/min
clinical manifestations of -cough, forthy/blood tinge sputum
pulmonary edema -crackles/wheezes
-restlessness and anxiety feel like drowning
-hypoxemia, cyanosis
-activity intolerance
-#1 is oxygen, high flow nasal cannula, non-re-
1/34
,8/17/25, 8:29
AM
breather, positive pressure ventilation and
BiPAP
-#2 is diuretics so lasix of 80-120 mg to remove
nursing care for fluid from alveolar and reduce venous return
pulmonary edema -vasodilators like nitroglycerin and sodium
nitroprusside to decrease preload and after
load
-morphine to help with air hunger and cause
vasodilation
-low sodium diet
-fluid restriction
heart failure -increase dietary potassium
maintenance/nursing -monitor electrolyte imbalances
interventions -small frequent meals
-record daily weights
-anti-hypertensives
-ACE inhibitors to prevent vasoconstriction and
heart failure maintenance promote diuresis
medication -beta blockers to slow HR and vasodilate heart
vessels, reducing work of heart, and improve
CO
nursing diagnosis with impaired gas exchange on an avelor
heart failure level and excess fluid volume. treat
maintenance gas exchange with O2 and fluid with
diuretics
-abnormality or dysfunction in any of the heart
valves (tricuspid, mitral, pulmonic and aortic
2/34
,8/17/25, 8:29
AM
valves)
cardiac valve disorders -purpose of the cardiac valve is to control directional
(general definition) blood flow
-malfunctioning valves disrupt the flow of blood through
the heart
-left= lungs (back flow to lungs)
-right= body
-congenital heart defects
causes of valve disorders -degenerative prolonged cardiovascular disease like
CHF or rhematic fever
-infectious processes such as ineffective endocarditis
and rheumatic fever
-infection of inner layer of heart tissue, includes valve
ineffective endocarditis structures
-often bacterial
-attacks either healthy tissues or those with problems
such as valve dysfunction
rhematic fever/rheumatic inflammation of heart tissues, usually caused by strep A
heart disease infection
-caused by rhematic fever or ineffective endocarditis
-they can cause fibrotic changes, scarring of the
what can infectious heart valve leaflets, calcification of the valves,
diseases cause? thickening or shortening of the valves,
structural deformities cause obstruction of the
blood flow
-valvular heart disease is defined according to
the valve or valves affected and the type of
what is valvular heart functional alterations
3/34
, 8/17/25, 8:29
AM
disease? -3 functional alterations affecting the valves are
stenosis (problem of opening up),
regurgitation and prolapse (problems of staying
closed) both result in distribution of blood flow
-condition where the valve does not open completely,
impedes blood movement
-can be caused by hardened or stiff valves from
scarring or calcium deposits
what is valve stenosis? -blood now has to flow through smaller opening
-and there is less blood flow to the next
chamber and the previous ventricle has to work
harder to pump the blood forward
-blood backs up, becomes stasis which is a clot risk
-the increase work load on the previous chamber
causes hypertrophy
-where the valve does not close completely
-the valve structures may be loose, torn or stretched
what is valve thin and do not close tight
regurgitation? -this allows blood to leak back through into the
previous ventricle and the heart works harder
to re-pump the blood into the next chamber
-also have venous stasis so clot risk
-where the valve leaflets penetrate backward,
so the valve structures do not close completely
-can be due to damage or weakening
what is a valve prolapse? -may develop regurgitation with it
-heart must work harder to re-pump the blood into the
next chamber
4/34
