Certification Exam Study Guide with i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Complete Solutions | Latest i,- i,- i,- i,-
2025/2026 Update. i,-
Intellectual Property A legal term that refers to creations of
i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
the mind. Intellectual property can be protected through patents,
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
trademarks or copyrights. i,- i,-
Link Blue Box
i,- The first modern pilot trainer invented by
i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Edwin Link of Binghamton, NY. The trainer, pneumatically
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
operated, was used extensively in World War II to train US and
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
allied pilots. i,-
Live Simulation
i,- A type of simulation that typically involves i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
humans and/or equipment and activity in a setting where they
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
would normally operate.
i,- i,-
Mathematical Model Mathematical models are usually i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
composed of relationships and variables. Relationships can be
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
described by operators, such as algebraic operators, functions,
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
differential operators, etc. Variables are abstractions of system
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
parameters of interest, that can be quantified. Several
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
,classification criteria can be used for mathematical models i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
according to their structure. i,- i,- i,-
Linear vs. nonlinear i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- If all the operators in a mathematical
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
model exhibit i,-
linearity, the resulting mathematical model is defined as linear.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Nonlinearity, even in fairly simple systems, is often associated i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
with phenomena such as chaos and irreversibility. Although there
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
are exceptions, nonlinear systems and models tend to be more
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
difficult to study than linear ones. A common approach to
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
nonlinear problems is linearization, but this can be problematic if
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
one is trying to study aspects such as irreversibility, which are
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
strongly tied to nonlinearity. i,- i,- i,-
Static vs. dynamic A dynamic model accounts for time-
i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
dependent changes in the state of the system, while a static (or i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
steady-state) model calculates the system in equilibrium, and i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
thus is time-invariant. Dynamic models typically are represented
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
by differential equations.
i,- i,-
Augmented Reality An enhanced image or environment as i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
viewed on a screen, head-mounted, or other display, produced by
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
overlaying computer-generated images, sounds, or other data on i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
a LIVE real-world environment.
i,- i,- i,-
, Client/Server Model In the client-server model of computing, i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
tasks are distributed between a service provider, called a server,
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
and a service requester, or client. The client-server model was
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
widely used in the early days of computing, when access to
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
expensive mainframe computers was provided by dumb i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
terminals. More recently, the client- server model proved crucial
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
to the development of the Internet. There are several models for
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
client-server interaction, with the main difference being the i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
amount of work performed on each side. (Think Laptop as client
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
machine, HTTP Search bar as client program, and Server asi,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
computer program that responds to requests like HTTP requests.)i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Discrete Event Model Simulation Models that simulate the
i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
operation of a system as a discrete sequence of events in time.i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Each event occurs at a particular instant in time and marks a
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
change of state in the system. It is a valuable analysis tool for
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
improving system effectiveness and efficiencies. Example: Model i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
a queue, such as customers arriving at a bank to be served by a
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
teller.
Environmental Model A numerical model, parametric model, i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
or database designed to produce an accurate and consistent data
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
set for one or more parameters that characterize the state of the
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
natural environment. The environmental simulation is a
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
simulation that depicts all or part of the natural or manmade i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
environment of a system; for example, a simulation of the radar i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-