NUR 410 EXAM 3 Questions and
Answers A+ Graded (2025)
ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Cervical .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-ACS
.recommends .cervical .cancer .screening .with .an .HPV .test .alone .every .5 .years .for
.everyone .with .a .cervix .from .age .25 .until .age .65. .If .HPV .testing .alone .is .not
.available, .people .can .get .screened .with .an .HPV/Pap .cotest .every .5 .years .or .a
.Pap .test .every .3 . years.
ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Breast .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Women
.ages .40 .to .44 .should .have .the .choice .to .start .annual .breast .cancer .screening
.with .mammograms .(x-rays .of .the .breast) .if .they .wish .to .do .so.
Women .age .45 .to .54 .should .get .mammograms .every .year.
Women .55 .and .older .should .switch .to .mammograms .every .2 .years, .or .can
.continue .yearly .screening.
Screening .should .continue .as .long .as .a .woman .is .in .good .health .and .is
.expected .to .live .10 .more .years .or .longer.
All .women .should .be .familiar .with .the .known .benefits, .limitations, .and .potential
.harms .linked .to .breast .cancer .screening.
ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Colon .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Regular
.screening .at .age .45. .This .can .be .done .either .with .a .sensitive .test .that .looks .for
.signs .of .cancer .in .a .person's .stool .(a .stool-based .test), .or .with .an .exam .that
.looks .at .the .colon .and .rectum .(a . visual .exam). .
If .you're .in .good .health, .you .should .continue .regular .screening .through .age .75.
For .people .ages .76 .through .85, .talk .with .your .health .care .provider .about
.whether .continuing .to .get .screened .is .right .for .you. .When .deciding, .take .into
.account .your .own .preferences, .overall .health, .and .past .screening .history.
People .over .85 .should .no .longer .get .colorectal .cancer .screening.
ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Endometrial .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-at .the
.time .of .menopause, .all .women .should .be .told .about .the .risks .and .symptoms .of
.endometrial .cancer. .Women .should .report .any .unexpected .vaginal .bleeding .or
.spotting .to .their .doctors.
Some .women .- .because .of .their .history .- .may .need .to .consider .having .a .yearly
.endometrial .biopsy. .Please .talk .with .a .health .care .provider .about .your . history
,ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Lung .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Are .aged .55
.to .74 .years .and .in .fairly .good .health .and
Currently .smoke .or .have .quit .smoking .in .the .past .15 .years .and
Have .at .least .a .30 .pack-year .smoking .history. .(A .pack-year .is .1 .pack .of
.cigarettes .per .day .per .year. .One .pack .per .day .for .30 .years .or .2 .packs .per .day
.for .15 .years .would .both .be .30 .pack-years.)
ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Prostate .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Starting
.at .age .50, .men .should .talk .to .a .health .care .provider .about .the .pros .and .cons .of
.testing .so .they .can .decide .if .testing .is .the .right .choice .for .them.
If .you .are .African .American .or .have .a .father .or .brother .who .had .prostate .cancer
.before .age .65, .you .should .have .this .talk .with .a .health .care .provider .starting .at
.age .45.
If .you .decide .to .be .tested, .you .should .get .a .PSA .blood .test .with .or .without .a
.rectal .exam. .How .often .you're .tested .will .depend .on .your .PSA .level.
Breast .cancer .early .detection .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Long .term .surveillance
.focuses .on .early .detection
Women .at .high .risk .benefit .from .MRI .and .yearly .mammogram
Clinical .breast .exams .twice .a .year .starting .at .age .25
Chemoprevention: .Women .at .high .risk .Tamoxifen .and .raloxifene
Prophylactic .mastectomy
breast .cancer .diagnosis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Early .detection .via .self-
examination .and .mammography
X-ray .examination
American .Cancer .Society .recommends .screening .every .year .for .women .40 .and
.over
U.S. .Prevention .Services .Task .Force .on .Breast .Cancer .Screening .recommends
.50 .and .over
Breast .self-examination .(BSE; ."breast .self-awareness") .5 .to .7 .days .after .menses
Mammography .Annually .after .the .age .of .40 .years .Digital .and .3D .Contrast
Ultrasonography
MRI
Tissue .analysis .Percutaneous .biopsy .Fine-needle .aspiration .Core .needle .biopsy
.Stereotactic .core .biopsy .Ultrasound-guided .core .biopsy .MRI .core .biopsy
Staging: .TMN .(tumor, .nodes, .metastasis)
Chest .x-ray, .CT, .MRI, .PET, .bone .scan .and .blood .work
Prognosis .Tumor .size .Spread .to .the .lymph .nodes? .Certain .genes .(ERBB2)
breast .cancer .treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-radiation .therapy, .chemotherapy,
.hormone .therapy, .immunotherapy, .lumpectomy, .mastectomy, .or .combo; .50% .of
.women .with .breast .cancer .experience .sexual .problems .resulting .from .physical
.effects .of .therapy, .lumpectomy, .radical .mastectomy, .chemotherapy.
Tamoxifen .,progestin,androgen
Surgery:Modified .radical .mastectomy
Total .mastectomy
,Breast .conservation .treatment
Sentinel .node .biopsy .and .axillary .lymph .node .dissection
Nonsurgical: .Radiation .therapy—external .beam, .brachytherapy
Chemotherapy
Hormonal .therapy .Estrogen .and .progesterone .receptor .assay .Selective .estrogen
.receptor .modulators .(SERMs)— .tamoxifen .Aromatase .inhibitors—anastrazole,
.letrozole, .exemestane
Targeted .therapy
Reconstructive .Procedures .After .Mastectomy .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Tissue
.expander .followed .by .permanent .implant
Tissue .transfer .procedures .Transverse .rectus .abdominal .myocutaneous .(TRAM)
.flap
Nipple-areola .reconstruction
Prosthetics
Reconstructive .breast .surgery: .mammoplasty .Reduction, .augmentation
.Mastopexy
Lung .cancer .diagnosis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Bronchcoscopy .washings
Pleural .fluid .samples
Examination .of .tissue .from .biopsy
CXR
Mass
Atelectasis
Mediastinal .widening
Infiltrates
Pleural .effusions
Cavitation
lung .cancer .treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-surgery, .radiation, .chemotherapy
Colon .Cancer .Diagnosis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-DRE, .fecal .occult .blood .test,
.sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, .barium .enema
Colon .Cancer .Diagnostic .Test .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-• .C.T .& .MRI .scans .- .provide
.information .about .lymph .node .involvement .and .spread .beyond .the .colorectal
.region
• .Annual .Digital .examination .should .be .done .in .all .people .over .40
• .About .2/3 .of .tumors .can .be .detected .by .sigmoidoscopy .with .biopsy
Colon .Cancer .Treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-If .there's .extracolonic
.involvement .(Lymph .Nodes .or .Mets) .the .treatment .is .FOLFOX .(5-Fu .+
.Leucovorin .+ .Oxaliplatin) .or .FOLFIRI. .
Recently .added .to .improve .remission .is .Bevacizumab, .a .VEGF .Inhibitor. .
If .there's .no .extracolonic .involvement .a .simple .resection .is .curative.
, Colon .Cancer .Treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-easy .to .treat; .laparotomy .(cut .in
.the .abdomen), .colostomy, .chemotherapy .(NO .radiation .due .to .sensitivity .of
.region); .exercise .reduces .risk .of .re-emergence
Colon .Cancer .Treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Surgical .removal
Colostomy
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Prevention-screening .at .age .50
Prostate .cancer .screening .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--Start .screening .at .age .50; .High
.risk .begin .discussions .at .40-45
-If .PSA .< .2.5; .test .q .2yrs
-If .PSA .> .2.5; .annual .testing
-If .PSA .> .4.0; .refer .for .evaluation
Prostate .cancer .diagnosis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Assess .how .the .underlying
.disorder .(BPH .or .prostate .cancer) .has .affected .the .patient's .lifestyle
Urinary .and .sexual .function
Health .history
Nutritional .status
Activity .level .and .abilities
Digital .rectal .exam .(DRE)
PSA .blood .test .(staging)
Men .with .a .PSA .level .between .4 .and .10 .(often .called .the ."borderline .range")
.have .about .a .1 .in .4 .chance .of .having .prostate .cancer.
If .the .PSA .is .more .than .10, .the .chance .of .having .prostate .cancer .is .over .50%.
A .core .needle .biopsy .is .the .main .method .used .to .diagnose .prostate .cancer. .It .is
.usually .done .by .a .urologist.
other .tests: .Prostate .Health .Index .(PHI), .4Kscore .test, .PCA3 .tests .(such .as
.Progensa), .and .ConfirmMDx.
prostate .cancer .treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Stage .1
->Radical .Prostatectomy
Stage .2
->RP .+/- .node .dissection
Stage .3
->Radiation .+/- .androgen .ablation
Stage .4
->androgen .ablation,
->radiation
Answers A+ Graded (2025)
ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Cervical .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-ACS
.recommends .cervical .cancer .screening .with .an .HPV .test .alone .every .5 .years .for
.everyone .with .a .cervix .from .age .25 .until .age .65. .If .HPV .testing .alone .is .not
.available, .people .can .get .screened .with .an .HPV/Pap .cotest .every .5 .years .or .a
.Pap .test .every .3 . years.
ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Breast .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Women
.ages .40 .to .44 .should .have .the .choice .to .start .annual .breast .cancer .screening
.with .mammograms .(x-rays .of .the .breast) .if .they .wish .to .do .so.
Women .age .45 .to .54 .should .get .mammograms .every .year.
Women .55 .and .older .should .switch .to .mammograms .every .2 .years, .or .can
.continue .yearly .screening.
Screening .should .continue .as .long .as .a .woman .is .in .good .health .and .is
.expected .to .live .10 .more .years .or .longer.
All .women .should .be .familiar .with .the .known .benefits, .limitations, .and .potential
.harms .linked .to .breast .cancer .screening.
ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Colon .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Regular
.screening .at .age .45. .This .can .be .done .either .with .a .sensitive .test .that .looks .for
.signs .of .cancer .in .a .person's .stool .(a .stool-based .test), .or .with .an .exam .that
.looks .at .the .colon .and .rectum .(a . visual .exam). .
If .you're .in .good .health, .you .should .continue .regular .screening .through .age .75.
For .people .ages .76 .through .85, .talk .with .your .health .care .provider .about
.whether .continuing .to .get .screened .is .right .for .you. .When .deciding, .take .into
.account .your .own .preferences, .overall .health, .and .past .screening .history.
People .over .85 .should .no .longer .get .colorectal .cancer .screening.
ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Endometrial .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-at .the
.time .of .menopause, .all .women .should .be .told .about .the .risks .and .symptoms .of
.endometrial .cancer. .Women .should .report .any .unexpected .vaginal .bleeding .or
.spotting .to .their .doctors.
Some .women .- .because .of .their .history .- .may .need .to .consider .having .a .yearly
.endometrial .biopsy. .Please .talk .with .a .health .care .provider .about .your . history
,ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Lung .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Are .aged .55
.to .74 .years .and .in .fairly .good .health .and
Currently .smoke .or .have .quit .smoking .in .the .past .15 .years .and
Have .at .least .a .30 .pack-year .smoking .history. .(A .pack-year .is .1 .pack .of
.cigarettes .per .day .per .year. .One .pack .per .day .for .30 .years .or .2 .packs .per .day
.for .15 .years .would .both .be .30 .pack-years.)
ACS .Guidelines .for .Cancer .Screenings: .Prostate .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Starting
.at .age .50, .men .should .talk .to .a .health .care .provider .about .the .pros .and .cons .of
.testing .so .they .can .decide .if .testing .is .the .right .choice .for .them.
If .you .are .African .American .or .have .a .father .or .brother .who .had .prostate .cancer
.before .age .65, .you .should .have .this .talk .with .a .health .care .provider .starting .at
.age .45.
If .you .decide .to .be .tested, .you .should .get .a .PSA .blood .test .with .or .without .a
.rectal .exam. .How .often .you're .tested .will .depend .on .your .PSA .level.
Breast .cancer .early .detection .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Long .term .surveillance
.focuses .on .early .detection
Women .at .high .risk .benefit .from .MRI .and .yearly .mammogram
Clinical .breast .exams .twice .a .year .starting .at .age .25
Chemoprevention: .Women .at .high .risk .Tamoxifen .and .raloxifene
Prophylactic .mastectomy
breast .cancer .diagnosis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Early .detection .via .self-
examination .and .mammography
X-ray .examination
American .Cancer .Society .recommends .screening .every .year .for .women .40 .and
.over
U.S. .Prevention .Services .Task .Force .on .Breast .Cancer .Screening .recommends
.50 .and .over
Breast .self-examination .(BSE; ."breast .self-awareness") .5 .to .7 .days .after .menses
Mammography .Annually .after .the .age .of .40 .years .Digital .and .3D .Contrast
Ultrasonography
MRI
Tissue .analysis .Percutaneous .biopsy .Fine-needle .aspiration .Core .needle .biopsy
.Stereotactic .core .biopsy .Ultrasound-guided .core .biopsy .MRI .core .biopsy
Staging: .TMN .(tumor, .nodes, .metastasis)
Chest .x-ray, .CT, .MRI, .PET, .bone .scan .and .blood .work
Prognosis .Tumor .size .Spread .to .the .lymph .nodes? .Certain .genes .(ERBB2)
breast .cancer .treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-radiation .therapy, .chemotherapy,
.hormone .therapy, .immunotherapy, .lumpectomy, .mastectomy, .or .combo; .50% .of
.women .with .breast .cancer .experience .sexual .problems .resulting .from .physical
.effects .of .therapy, .lumpectomy, .radical .mastectomy, .chemotherapy.
Tamoxifen .,progestin,androgen
Surgery:Modified .radical .mastectomy
Total .mastectomy
,Breast .conservation .treatment
Sentinel .node .biopsy .and .axillary .lymph .node .dissection
Nonsurgical: .Radiation .therapy—external .beam, .brachytherapy
Chemotherapy
Hormonal .therapy .Estrogen .and .progesterone .receptor .assay .Selective .estrogen
.receptor .modulators .(SERMs)— .tamoxifen .Aromatase .inhibitors—anastrazole,
.letrozole, .exemestane
Targeted .therapy
Reconstructive .Procedures .After .Mastectomy .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Tissue
.expander .followed .by .permanent .implant
Tissue .transfer .procedures .Transverse .rectus .abdominal .myocutaneous .(TRAM)
.flap
Nipple-areola .reconstruction
Prosthetics
Reconstructive .breast .surgery: .mammoplasty .Reduction, .augmentation
.Mastopexy
Lung .cancer .diagnosis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Bronchcoscopy .washings
Pleural .fluid .samples
Examination .of .tissue .from .biopsy
CXR
Mass
Atelectasis
Mediastinal .widening
Infiltrates
Pleural .effusions
Cavitation
lung .cancer .treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-surgery, .radiation, .chemotherapy
Colon .Cancer .Diagnosis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-DRE, .fecal .occult .blood .test,
.sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, .barium .enema
Colon .Cancer .Diagnostic .Test .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-• .C.T .& .MRI .scans .- .provide
.information .about .lymph .node .involvement .and .spread .beyond .the .colorectal
.region
• .Annual .Digital .examination .should .be .done .in .all .people .over .40
• .About .2/3 .of .tumors .can .be .detected .by .sigmoidoscopy .with .biopsy
Colon .Cancer .Treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-If .there's .extracolonic
.involvement .(Lymph .Nodes .or .Mets) .the .treatment .is .FOLFOX .(5-Fu .+
.Leucovorin .+ .Oxaliplatin) .or .FOLFIRI. .
Recently .added .to .improve .remission .is .Bevacizumab, .a .VEGF .Inhibitor. .
If .there's .no .extracolonic .involvement .a .simple .resection .is .curative.
, Colon .Cancer .Treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-easy .to .treat; .laparotomy .(cut .in
.the .abdomen), .colostomy, .chemotherapy .(NO .radiation .due .to .sensitivity .of
.region); .exercise .reduces .risk .of .re-emergence
Colon .Cancer .Treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Surgical .removal
Colostomy
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Prevention-screening .at .age .50
Prostate .cancer .screening .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--Start .screening .at .age .50; .High
.risk .begin .discussions .at .40-45
-If .PSA .< .2.5; .test .q .2yrs
-If .PSA .> .2.5; .annual .testing
-If .PSA .> .4.0; .refer .for .evaluation
Prostate .cancer .diagnosis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Assess .how .the .underlying
.disorder .(BPH .or .prostate .cancer) .has .affected .the .patient's .lifestyle
Urinary .and .sexual .function
Health .history
Nutritional .status
Activity .level .and .abilities
Digital .rectal .exam .(DRE)
PSA .blood .test .(staging)
Men .with .a .PSA .level .between .4 .and .10 .(often .called .the ."borderline .range")
.have .about .a .1 .in .4 .chance .of .having .prostate .cancer.
If .the .PSA .is .more .than .10, .the .chance .of .having .prostate .cancer .is .over .50%.
A .core .needle .biopsy .is .the .main .method .used .to .diagnose .prostate .cancer. .It .is
.usually .done .by .a .urologist.
other .tests: .Prostate .Health .Index .(PHI), .4Kscore .test, .PCA3 .tests .(such .as
.Progensa), .and .ConfirmMDx.
prostate .cancer .treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Stage .1
->Radical .Prostatectomy
Stage .2
->RP .+/- .node .dissection
Stage .3
->Radiation .+/- .androgen .ablation
Stage .4
->androgen .ablation,
->radiation
