INSULIN AND ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC
AGENTS
DR AHSAN ALI KHAN
LECTURER
PHARMACOLOGY DEPT NMC
,DIABETES MELLITUS
PANCREAS
ENDOCRINE GLAND (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)
o β (B)-CELLS ---- INSULIN, AMYLIN, C PEPTIDE
• RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE LACK OF INSULIN
(DIABETES MELLITUS ---- HYPERGLYCEMIA)
o α (A)-CELLS ---- GLUCAGON (OPPOSES INSULIN)
o δ (D)-CELLS ---- SOMATOSTATIN (INHIBITS
SECRETION OF INSULIN &
GLUCAGON)
o PP-CELLS ------- PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
(FUNCTION UNKNOWN)
, EXOCRINE GLAND
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS
TYPE 1 DIABETES (INSULIN-DEPENDENT DM, JUVENILE DM) –
NO SECRETION OF INSULIN
TYPE 2 DIABETES (NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DM,
MATURITY-ONSET DM) – REDUCED INSULIN SECRETION
AND/OR RESISTANCE TO INSULIN
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
DIABETES DUE TO OTHER CAUSES (GENETIC DEFECTS OR
MEDICATION OR DRUGS INDUCED)
, COMPLICATIONS OF DM
• RETINOPATHY
• NEPHROPATHY
• NEUROPATHY
• CVA, MI,CVD LIKE COMPLICATIONS
• GANGRENE AND LIMB AMPUTAION
AGENTS
DR AHSAN ALI KHAN
LECTURER
PHARMACOLOGY DEPT NMC
,DIABETES MELLITUS
PANCREAS
ENDOCRINE GLAND (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)
o β (B)-CELLS ---- INSULIN, AMYLIN, C PEPTIDE
• RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE LACK OF INSULIN
(DIABETES MELLITUS ---- HYPERGLYCEMIA)
o α (A)-CELLS ---- GLUCAGON (OPPOSES INSULIN)
o δ (D)-CELLS ---- SOMATOSTATIN (INHIBITS
SECRETION OF INSULIN &
GLUCAGON)
o PP-CELLS ------- PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
(FUNCTION UNKNOWN)
, EXOCRINE GLAND
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS
TYPE 1 DIABETES (INSULIN-DEPENDENT DM, JUVENILE DM) –
NO SECRETION OF INSULIN
TYPE 2 DIABETES (NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DM,
MATURITY-ONSET DM) – REDUCED INSULIN SECRETION
AND/OR RESISTANCE TO INSULIN
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
DIABETES DUE TO OTHER CAUSES (GENETIC DEFECTS OR
MEDICATION OR DRUGS INDUCED)
, COMPLICATIONS OF DM
• RETINOPATHY
• NEPHROPATHY
• NEUROPATHY
• CVA, MI,CVD LIKE COMPLICATIONS
• GANGRENE AND LIMB AMPUTAION
