HCF Exam 1 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is Health? - correct answersWorld Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of
physical, social and mental well-being, measured by patient's ability to cope with everyday
activities, and fully function physically, socially and emotionally.
Disease - correct answersManifestation of impaired bodily functions. Classified by type of organ
damage (e.g. cirrhosis, myocardial infarction); functional impairment (e.g. diabetes); or
homostatic system failure (e.g. infectious disease, autoimmunity).
Sickness - correct answersBehaviors manifested by an individual who believes they are suffering
from a disease or impairment. Individual may feel sick but have no identifiable disease... or feel
well and have a disease.
Illness - correct answersTotality of a patient's experience: How they feel, how they behave and
perceive their conditions, how others respond. May be shaped by relationship, community
structure, cultural norms, beliefs.
Code of Hammurabi - correct answersBabylonians, 6000 YBP. First medical text. Included
protocols, fee schedules and penalties for malpractice.
2500-1500 YBP - correct answersEthno-traditional medicine predominated. Chinese, Ayurvedic,
Greek medical traditions evolved. Variable emphasis on organic causes vs. vital imbalances; all
reflected an intuitive understanding of homeostasis and stressed need to restore balance.
Hippocrates - correct answers460 BC (1500 YBP): Credited with founding the first school
dedicated to scientific study of medicine. Believes that diseases had natural causes.
Galen - correct answersRoman physician AD 200; began anatomical and physiological
investigations. Laid foundation for allopathic medicine. Stressed Law of opposites: Diseases are
, treated with medicines or interventions that create an opposite effect to the symptom. Stressed
disease caused by bodily fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm. Carried out operations on
basis of guidance received in dreams.
Hippocratic Fingers - correct answersClubbing due to chronic lung disease, lung cancer and
cyanotic heart disease. Described cachexia for the first time.
Renaissance Medicine - correct answersFrom Classical period to Renaissance, there was little
experimentation. Just reference to Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen and a few others. Renaissance
saw a return to empirical methods: Emphasis on dissection, experimentation, and the scientific
method.
Biomedical Model - correct answersMedicine is discipline specific and based on scientific
empiricism.
Established higher standards for medical education, grounded in allopathic empiricism with
modern scientific emphasis. Downplayed social sciences & psychology. Established Flexnarian
model of 2+2 post-graduate medical education.
Flexnor Report - correct answersCarnegie Foundation (1910): Critically evaluated scientific
curricula of medical schools in the US & Canada.
Osteopathic Models - correct answersFounded by Andrew Taylor Still (1828-1917). A branch of
medical practice that emphasizes the treatment of medical
disorders through the manipulation and massage of the bones, joints, and muscles; but more than
that. De-emphasized use of drugs. Experimented with alternative treatments. Stressed
preventative medicine. Stressed need to treat the disease rather than the symptoms.
Bio-psychosocial Model - correct answersGeorge Engel 1977: Published The need for a New
Medical Model: A challenge for Biomedicine. Asserted the need to recognize multiple
determinants of disease and the hierarchical organization of biological and social systems
contributing to disease and illness. He made a distinction between disease and illness.
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is Health? - correct answersWorld Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of
physical, social and mental well-being, measured by patient's ability to cope with everyday
activities, and fully function physically, socially and emotionally.
Disease - correct answersManifestation of impaired bodily functions. Classified by type of organ
damage (e.g. cirrhosis, myocardial infarction); functional impairment (e.g. diabetes); or
homostatic system failure (e.g. infectious disease, autoimmunity).
Sickness - correct answersBehaviors manifested by an individual who believes they are suffering
from a disease or impairment. Individual may feel sick but have no identifiable disease... or feel
well and have a disease.
Illness - correct answersTotality of a patient's experience: How they feel, how they behave and
perceive their conditions, how others respond. May be shaped by relationship, community
structure, cultural norms, beliefs.
Code of Hammurabi - correct answersBabylonians, 6000 YBP. First medical text. Included
protocols, fee schedules and penalties for malpractice.
2500-1500 YBP - correct answersEthno-traditional medicine predominated. Chinese, Ayurvedic,
Greek medical traditions evolved. Variable emphasis on organic causes vs. vital imbalances; all
reflected an intuitive understanding of homeostasis and stressed need to restore balance.
Hippocrates - correct answers460 BC (1500 YBP): Credited with founding the first school
dedicated to scientific study of medicine. Believes that diseases had natural causes.
Galen - correct answersRoman physician AD 200; began anatomical and physiological
investigations. Laid foundation for allopathic medicine. Stressed Law of opposites: Diseases are
, treated with medicines or interventions that create an opposite effect to the symptom. Stressed
disease caused by bodily fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm. Carried out operations on
basis of guidance received in dreams.
Hippocratic Fingers - correct answersClubbing due to chronic lung disease, lung cancer and
cyanotic heart disease. Described cachexia for the first time.
Renaissance Medicine - correct answersFrom Classical period to Renaissance, there was little
experimentation. Just reference to Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen and a few others. Renaissance
saw a return to empirical methods: Emphasis on dissection, experimentation, and the scientific
method.
Biomedical Model - correct answersMedicine is discipline specific and based on scientific
empiricism.
Established higher standards for medical education, grounded in allopathic empiricism with
modern scientific emphasis. Downplayed social sciences & psychology. Established Flexnarian
model of 2+2 post-graduate medical education.
Flexnor Report - correct answersCarnegie Foundation (1910): Critically evaluated scientific
curricula of medical schools in the US & Canada.
Osteopathic Models - correct answersFounded by Andrew Taylor Still (1828-1917). A branch of
medical practice that emphasizes the treatment of medical
disorders through the manipulation and massage of the bones, joints, and muscles; but more than
that. De-emphasized use of drugs. Experimented with alternative treatments. Stressed
preventative medicine. Stressed need to treat the disease rather than the symptoms.
Bio-psychosocial Model - correct answersGeorge Engel 1977: Published The need for a New
Medical Model: A challenge for Biomedicine. Asserted the need to recognize multiple
determinants of disease and the hierarchical organization of biological and social systems
contributing to disease and illness. He made a distinction between disease and illness.
