NSC Advanced First Aid, CPR & AED

Goals of First Aid - answer-1. Keep victim alive 2. Prevent victim's condition from getting worse 3. Help promote early recovery 4. Ensure victim receives appropriate medical care Consent - answer-Need to have victim's consent before using first aid Types of consent - answer-Expressed and Implied Expressed consent - answer-Responsive victim communicates consent, can include head nods Implied consent - answer-Unresponsive or child's parent not present or reached Refusing consent - answer-Victim can refuse consent - if they go unresponsive consent is now implied Get second witness to refusal Scope of care - answer-Set of first aid techniques learned in first aid course Standard of Care - answer-Care expected from any trained EMT under similar circumstances Abandoment - answer-If you leave victim and injury or illness becomes worse Justified reasons: Exhaustion, imminent danger, or replacement comes (equal or higher skill level) Confidentiality - answer-Only give victim's information to the treating medical professionals Infectious Diseases Transmitted - answer-1. Someone has infection 2. Infection leaves body 3. Infection reaches another person, enters body (through blood) 4. Second person develops infection Bloodborne Diseases - answer-1. HIV 2. Hep B (Has vaccine) 3. Hep C Protection against bloodborne diseases - answer-use gloves Steps in an Emergency - answer-1. Recognize the emergency 2. Check the scene 3. Check the victim 4. Call 9-1-1 5. Give first aid 6. Have victim seek medical attention 10 Body Systems - answer-1. Respiratory 2. Cardiovascular 3. Nervous 4. Musculoskeletal 5. Integumentary 6. Gastrointestinal 7. Endocrine 8. Immune 9. Urinary 10. Reproductive Assessment - answer-1. Initial assessment 2. Secondary assessment 3. Monitor for change Initial Assessment - answer-Check for life-threatening conditions Move only if - immediate danger or cannot give lifesaving care How to check for responsiveness - answer-Tap on shoulder and ask "Are you okay?", doesn't respond then call 9-1-1 and provide care AVPU Scale - answer-Alert Verbal - Response to verbal Painful - Responses to pain Unresponsive Initial Assessment Steps - answer-1. Check for responsiveness and normal breathing 2. Unresponsive - Call 9-1-1, if unresponsive and not breathing provide BLS 3. Breathing - Check for severe bleeding and other threats 4. Care for life threatening conditions Recovery Position - answer-Keeps airway open, allows fluids to drain, prevents from inhaling stomach contents HAINES High Arm IN Endangered Spine Extend arms over victim's head, position arm closest to you over victim's chest, bend victim's leg closest to you at the knee, put forearm under victim's shoulder while supporting the neck and carefully roll, bend both legs and open mouth SAMPLE - answer-Signs and symptoms Allergies Medications Previous problems Last food or drink Events Physical Exam - answer-Head to toe DOTS Deformities Open injuries and wounds Tenderness Swelling Universal sign of choking - answer-Hands around the throat Choking care for Responsive Adult and Child - answer-1. Consent 2. 9-1-1 3. Stand behind with one leg in between theirs 4. Locate navel, create fist with hand above navel 5. Grasp fist with other hand and thrust inward and upward Choking care for Responsive Infant - answer-1. 5 back blows 2. Check for expelled object 3. 5 chest thrusts 4. Continue cycle, if alone call 9-1-1 after 1 minute Effects of blood loss - answer-causes a decrease in oxygen supply to the body; blood pressure drops; heart pumps faster to compensate for the decreased volume and BP; body will attempt to clot the blood to halt bleeding; usually requiring 6-7 minutes; uncontrolled, bleeding can result in shock and death Class 1 blood loss - answer-Up to 15% Class 2 blood loss - answer-15-30% Class 3 blood loss - answer-30-40% At 30% body can no longer compensate Class 4 blood loss - answer-40% Types of External Bleeding - answer-1. Arterial 2. Venous 3. Capillary Controlling bleeding - answer-Apply direct pressure and raise above the head Symptoms of internal bleeding - answer-Abdomen - tender, swollen, bruised, hard Blood vomited or present in urine or stool Cool, clammy skin, pale, ashen, or bluish Thirst Confusion or lightheadness Shock - Severe blood loss - answer-Not enough oxygen-rich blood reaching organs, life-threatening, may develop quickly or gradually Common Types of Shock - answer-1. Hypovolemic 2. Cardiogenic 3. Neurogenic 4. Anaphylactic First Aid for Shock - answer-1. Check responsiveness 2. Call 9-1-1 3. Lie on back 4. Feet 6-12" above ground First Aid for Anaphylactic Shock - answer-1. Call 9-1-1 2. Help administer epi-pen What shouldn't you use to clean a wound? - answer-Never use alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or iodine Types of Open Wounds - answer-Abrasions, Lacerations, Punctures, Avulsions, Amputations, Burns Scalp Wound W/O Fracture First Aid - answer-1. Replace any skin flaps, cover with dressing 2. Use direct pressure to control bleeding 3. Roller or triangle bandage around head to secure dressing Blow to Eye - answer-1. If eye is bleeding or leaking fluids - CALL 911 2. Cold pack with barrier (up to 15 min) 3. Lie still, cover uninjured eye 4. Seek medical attention Ear Injuries - answer-1. Clear fluid or watery blood from the ear could mean skull fracture - call 911 2. Help vic sit up, tilting affect ear lower to let blood or other fluid drain 3. Cover ear with loose sterile dressing - No pressure 4. Medical attention Teeth and Mouth Injuries - answer-Bleeding, control with direct pressure. Knocked out teeth can be replanted. Priority of first aid is keeping airway open and controlling bleeding Knocked out teeth - answer-1. Vic sit still, titled forward to allow blood to drain 2. Rinse with tap water or saline 3. Control bleeding by having vic bite down for 20-30 minutes on gauze 4. Save the tooth. Pick up by crown and place in milk 5. See dentist immediately Nosebleed First Aid - answer-1. Tilt head forward, mouth open 2. Pinch nostrils together just below the bridge for 10 min 3. Gasping or choking on blood call 911 Function of skin (three things) - answer-Protection Regulates temperature Sensation What Happen With a Burn? - answer-May damage any layer of skin Can allow pathogens - risk of infection Fluid loss (2nd degree)