HYPERTENSION-PART 1
Introduction
Our body possesses systemic dynamics which is engaged in the maintenance of blood pressure.
according to our routine work that accompanies stress oscillates our blood pressure. blood
pressure refers to the degree of pressure of blood against the blood vessels' wall and is also
affected by the wall's resistance exerted upon the blood flow's pressure.in simple example think
water flowing in the pipe once the tap is opened the water flow with pressure through the pipe's
diameter. Now the pressure rises when the pipe exerts external pressure which is due to the
fingers you press the pipe. Now the tap is pressure flow inducer and in your body the various
mechanism which can be neuronal or humoral which we will discuss further in this concept, the
pipe can be equated to blood vessels [large and capillaries].now the pressure of fingers over the
pipe can be corelated to stress over the vessel but instead of fingers various mechanism like
sympathetic stimulation ,humoral activity etc.… now its necessary to know when to refer a
person hypotensive and hypertensive. You cannot say person that had increased blood pressure
upon performing rigorous activity like running. An individual is referred to as hypertensive when
the blood pressure is sufficiently elevated to clinically adjudicate as a hypertension even when
the individual is resting i.e. no prior to any active movement or stress and the same parameter
applies to the definition of hypotension as well.so continuous rise in blood pressure above the
range of 130 /90 mmhg is referred to as hypertensive state clinically. Now these pressures are
referred to as systolic and diastolic pressures.
to review, systolic pressure refers to the contraction pressure of the ventricle the force of the
ventricles to force out blood into the aorta and to the body [here the ventricles' pressure, must be
greater than the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery]. diastolic refers to relaxation of
ventricle to fill for the next shoot .in other words, systolic pressure =pressure of contraction and
diastolic = filling pressure. You know that the possibility of fatal and nonfatal state of heart
increases with rise in bp beyond 120 /80 mmhg. Now why should this be important and why
these parameters are chosen to understand the dynamics of pressure? The left ventricle — and
heart — are the central pumps responsible for creating arterial pressure. Through contraction
during systole, the left ventricle increases its pressure above that of the aorta, at which point the
aortic valve opens and blood is ejected into the arterial tree. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) is
the maximum pressure that occurs during this ejection phase and is a function of stroke volume,
contractility, and arterial elasticity. During diastole, the ventricle is relaxing and filling, and the
elasticity recoil of the arteries and resistance of the small vessels hold pressure and constant
blood flow. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is the pressure that is held between beats, the level of
vascular resistance, and the amount of time for ventricular filling and coronary perfusion. Both
SBP and DBP need to be measured since together they give a complete picture of the dynamics
of blood pressure — identifying the pumping ability of the heart, the health of the arteries, and
, the sufficiency of perfusion to the vital organs. Noe in the following section we would observe
what are the aetiologies for hypertension and what pathophysiology that exists within this
disease.
Etiology:
Essential hypertension: hypertension without history of any underlying disease of unknown
cause is referred as essential hypertension or denovo hypertension. this kind of hypertension
cannot be cured but can be managed
Causes:
Excess dietry salt intake
Habit of smoking or drinking
Old age
Genetic
Secondary hypertension: the significant type of hypertension where there are two possibilities
1.disease induced hypertension
2.hypertension induced disease
Hypertension Caused by Disease vs. Diseases Caused by Hypertension
Feature Hypertension Caused by Disease Diseases Caused by Hypertension
(Secondary Hypertension) (Complications/Target Organ Damage)
Meaning High blood pressure that develops as a Medical problems that arise because of long-
result of another underlying disorder. standing high blood pressure.
Causality Another disease → leads to hypertension. Hypertension → leads to other diseases.
Underlying Conditions such as kidney dysfunction, Continuous elevation of BP gradually
Mechanism hormonal imbalances, vascular narrowing, damages arteries and vital organs, leading to
or drug effects cause persistent elevation structural and functional disease.
of BP.
Examples - Chronic kidney disease
Sustained elevation of BP progressively damages arteries and vital organs, causing structural and
functional disease.
Examples
Introduction
Our body possesses systemic dynamics which is engaged in the maintenance of blood pressure.
according to our routine work that accompanies stress oscillates our blood pressure. blood
pressure refers to the degree of pressure of blood against the blood vessels' wall and is also
affected by the wall's resistance exerted upon the blood flow's pressure.in simple example think
water flowing in the pipe once the tap is opened the water flow with pressure through the pipe's
diameter. Now the pressure rises when the pipe exerts external pressure which is due to the
fingers you press the pipe. Now the tap is pressure flow inducer and in your body the various
mechanism which can be neuronal or humoral which we will discuss further in this concept, the
pipe can be equated to blood vessels [large and capillaries].now the pressure of fingers over the
pipe can be corelated to stress over the vessel but instead of fingers various mechanism like
sympathetic stimulation ,humoral activity etc.… now its necessary to know when to refer a
person hypotensive and hypertensive. You cannot say person that had increased blood pressure
upon performing rigorous activity like running. An individual is referred to as hypertensive when
the blood pressure is sufficiently elevated to clinically adjudicate as a hypertension even when
the individual is resting i.e. no prior to any active movement or stress and the same parameter
applies to the definition of hypotension as well.so continuous rise in blood pressure above the
range of 130 /90 mmhg is referred to as hypertensive state clinically. Now these pressures are
referred to as systolic and diastolic pressures.
to review, systolic pressure refers to the contraction pressure of the ventricle the force of the
ventricles to force out blood into the aorta and to the body [here the ventricles' pressure, must be
greater than the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery]. diastolic refers to relaxation of
ventricle to fill for the next shoot .in other words, systolic pressure =pressure of contraction and
diastolic = filling pressure. You know that the possibility of fatal and nonfatal state of heart
increases with rise in bp beyond 120 /80 mmhg. Now why should this be important and why
these parameters are chosen to understand the dynamics of pressure? The left ventricle — and
heart — are the central pumps responsible for creating arterial pressure. Through contraction
during systole, the left ventricle increases its pressure above that of the aorta, at which point the
aortic valve opens and blood is ejected into the arterial tree. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) is
the maximum pressure that occurs during this ejection phase and is a function of stroke volume,
contractility, and arterial elasticity. During diastole, the ventricle is relaxing and filling, and the
elasticity recoil of the arteries and resistance of the small vessels hold pressure and constant
blood flow. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is the pressure that is held between beats, the level of
vascular resistance, and the amount of time for ventricular filling and coronary perfusion. Both
SBP and DBP need to be measured since together they give a complete picture of the dynamics
of blood pressure — identifying the pumping ability of the heart, the health of the arteries, and
, the sufficiency of perfusion to the vital organs. Noe in the following section we would observe
what are the aetiologies for hypertension and what pathophysiology that exists within this
disease.
Etiology:
Essential hypertension: hypertension without history of any underlying disease of unknown
cause is referred as essential hypertension or denovo hypertension. this kind of hypertension
cannot be cured but can be managed
Causes:
Excess dietry salt intake
Habit of smoking or drinking
Old age
Genetic
Secondary hypertension: the significant type of hypertension where there are two possibilities
1.disease induced hypertension
2.hypertension induced disease
Hypertension Caused by Disease vs. Diseases Caused by Hypertension
Feature Hypertension Caused by Disease Diseases Caused by Hypertension
(Secondary Hypertension) (Complications/Target Organ Damage)
Meaning High blood pressure that develops as a Medical problems that arise because of long-
result of another underlying disorder. standing high blood pressure.
Causality Another disease → leads to hypertension. Hypertension → leads to other diseases.
Underlying Conditions such as kidney dysfunction, Continuous elevation of BP gradually
Mechanism hormonal imbalances, vascular narrowing, damages arteries and vital organs, leading to
or drug effects cause persistent elevation structural and functional disease.
of BP.
Examples - Chronic kidney disease
Sustained elevation of BP progressively damages arteries and vital organs, causing structural and
functional disease.
Examples
