Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dzcsp3
Meaning of -itis: Inflammation.
Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peri-
toneum, the membrane lining the ab-
dominal wall and abdominal organs.
Causes: Chemical irritation (e.g., rup-
tured gallbladder or spleen), direct or-
ganism invasion (e.g., appendicitis and
peritoneal dialysis).
Complications: If untreated, chemical ir-
What causes a ridged abdomen in Peri- ritation can lead to bacterial invasion due
tonitis? to increased intestinal wall permeability
from inflammation, allowing enteric bac-
teria passage. Necrosis or perforation of
the intestinal wall facilitates an enteric
bacteria invasion.
Foreign Bodies: Obstructing objects that
are ingested or introduced.
Tumors: Intestinal growths obstructing
the lumen.
Adhesions: Bands of scar tissue causing
blockage.
Hernias: Organ/tissue protrusion caus-
ing obstruction.
Intussusception: Intestinal telescoping.
What disorder results in Mechanical
Volvulus: Intestinal twisting.
Bowel Obstruction?
Strictures: Intestinal narrowing.
Crohn's Disease: Inflammatory bowel
disease.
Diverticulitis: Inflamed diverticula in the
colon.
Hirschsprung Disease: Absent nerve
cells in bowel segments.
Fecal Impaction: Hardened stool causing
blockage.
What is the cause of Hiatal Hernia?
, Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dzcsp3
Weakening of the Diaphragm Muscle.
Increased Intrathoracic Pressure (from
coughing, vomiting, straining).
Increased Intra-Abdominal Pressure
(e.g., pregnancy, obesity).
Trauma: Physical injuries.
Congenital Defects: Inherent birth condi-
tions.
Risk Factors: Advancing age, smoking.
Medications: Antibiotics can trigger diar-
rhea by altering gut flora balance, lead-
ing to bacterial overgrowth or reduced
digestive functionality.
Other medications: Antacids and laxa-
tives can also cause diarrhea.
What causes diarrhea with antibiotic in-
Probiotics: Live bacteria and yeast that
gestion?
can help rebalance the gut's normal flora.
Found in foods like yogurt, buttermilk,
kimchi, sauerkraut, and supplements.
Dietary Fiber: Manages chronic diarrhea
by absorbing excess water and increas-
ing stool bulk.
Chronic Gastritis: H. pylori infection is the
most common cause.
Complications: Not everyone with H. py-
lori develops complications. Factors in-
clude genetic vulnerability, smoking, and
stress.
What diseases are caused by H. pylori?
Ulceration & Bleeding: Indicated by he-
matemesis and dark, tarry stools.
Increased Risk: Chronic gastritis from H.
pylori can increase the risk of peptic ul-
cers, gastric cancer, anemia, and hem-
orrhage.
Name the Inflammatory Bowel Disor-
ders.
, Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dzcsp3
Crohn's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Both conditions involve chronic GI tract
inflammation with periods of exacerba-
tions and remissions.
Alcohol abuse: Most common chronic
cause.
Biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs,
metabolic disorders (hypertriglyc-
What are the causes of Chronic Pancre- eridemia, hyperglycemia), trauma, en-
atitis? docrine disorders (e.g., hyperthy-
roidism), pancreatic tumors, penetrating
peptic ulcer.
Repeated acute pancreatitis episodes
can lead to the chronic form.
Occurs when blood vessels are drawn
between layers and compressed.
Telescoping of a part of the intestine into
another segment.
Intussusception
Heartburn occurs when the lower
esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing
the acidic stomach contents to reflux into
the esophagus.
What is the cause of Heartburn?
Differentiate between Fecal Impaction
and Mechanical Bowel Obstruction.
, Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dzcsp3
Fecal Impaction: Hardened stool stuck
in the rectum or colon, unable to be ex-
pelled.
Mechanical Bowel Obstruction: Physical
blockage of the intestine, preventing tran-
sit of products of digestion in either the
small or large intestine.
Cholelithiasis (most common acute
cause)
Alcohol abuse (most common chronic
cause)
Biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs,
metabolic disorders (hypertriglyc-
eridemia, hyperglycemia), trauma, acute
Causes of Acute Pancreatitis. kidney injury, endocrine disorders (e.g.,
hyperthyroidism), pancreatic tumors,
penetrating peptic ulcer.
Hepatitis A: Spread through fecal-oral
route, contaminated food or water, close
contacts especially among drug users
and homeless, imported food outbreaks.
Hepatitis B: Blood, semen, body fluids,
sexual contact, needle sharing, moth-
Transmission methods of Hepatitis A, B,
er-to-child, non-sterile medical equip-
C, and E.
ment, increased due to injection drug
use.
Hepatitis C: Blood-to-blood contact, nee-
dle sharing, non-sterile tattooing/pierc-
ing, razors, less commonly sexual con-
tact.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dzcsp3
Meaning of -itis: Inflammation.
Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peri-
toneum, the membrane lining the ab-
dominal wall and abdominal organs.
Causes: Chemical irritation (e.g., rup-
tured gallbladder or spleen), direct or-
ganism invasion (e.g., appendicitis and
peritoneal dialysis).
Complications: If untreated, chemical ir-
What causes a ridged abdomen in Peri- ritation can lead to bacterial invasion due
tonitis? to increased intestinal wall permeability
from inflammation, allowing enteric bac-
teria passage. Necrosis or perforation of
the intestinal wall facilitates an enteric
bacteria invasion.
Foreign Bodies: Obstructing objects that
are ingested or introduced.
Tumors: Intestinal growths obstructing
the lumen.
Adhesions: Bands of scar tissue causing
blockage.
Hernias: Organ/tissue protrusion caus-
ing obstruction.
Intussusception: Intestinal telescoping.
What disorder results in Mechanical
Volvulus: Intestinal twisting.
Bowel Obstruction?
Strictures: Intestinal narrowing.
Crohn's Disease: Inflammatory bowel
disease.
Diverticulitis: Inflamed diverticula in the
colon.
Hirschsprung Disease: Absent nerve
cells in bowel segments.
Fecal Impaction: Hardened stool causing
blockage.
What is the cause of Hiatal Hernia?
, Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dzcsp3
Weakening of the Diaphragm Muscle.
Increased Intrathoracic Pressure (from
coughing, vomiting, straining).
Increased Intra-Abdominal Pressure
(e.g., pregnancy, obesity).
Trauma: Physical injuries.
Congenital Defects: Inherent birth condi-
tions.
Risk Factors: Advancing age, smoking.
Medications: Antibiotics can trigger diar-
rhea by altering gut flora balance, lead-
ing to bacterial overgrowth or reduced
digestive functionality.
Other medications: Antacids and laxa-
tives can also cause diarrhea.
What causes diarrhea with antibiotic in-
Probiotics: Live bacteria and yeast that
gestion?
can help rebalance the gut's normal flora.
Found in foods like yogurt, buttermilk,
kimchi, sauerkraut, and supplements.
Dietary Fiber: Manages chronic diarrhea
by absorbing excess water and increas-
ing stool bulk.
Chronic Gastritis: H. pylori infection is the
most common cause.
Complications: Not everyone with H. py-
lori develops complications. Factors in-
clude genetic vulnerability, smoking, and
stress.
What diseases are caused by H. pylori?
Ulceration & Bleeding: Indicated by he-
matemesis and dark, tarry stools.
Increased Risk: Chronic gastritis from H.
pylori can increase the risk of peptic ul-
cers, gastric cancer, anemia, and hem-
orrhage.
Name the Inflammatory Bowel Disor-
ders.
, Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dzcsp3
Crohn's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Both conditions involve chronic GI tract
inflammation with periods of exacerba-
tions and remissions.
Alcohol abuse: Most common chronic
cause.
Biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs,
metabolic disorders (hypertriglyc-
What are the causes of Chronic Pancre- eridemia, hyperglycemia), trauma, en-
atitis? docrine disorders (e.g., hyperthy-
roidism), pancreatic tumors, penetrating
peptic ulcer.
Repeated acute pancreatitis episodes
can lead to the chronic form.
Occurs when blood vessels are drawn
between layers and compressed.
Telescoping of a part of the intestine into
another segment.
Intussusception
Heartburn occurs when the lower
esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing
the acidic stomach contents to reflux into
the esophagus.
What is the cause of Heartburn?
Differentiate between Fecal Impaction
and Mechanical Bowel Obstruction.
, Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dzcsp3
Fecal Impaction: Hardened stool stuck
in the rectum or colon, unable to be ex-
pelled.
Mechanical Bowel Obstruction: Physical
blockage of the intestine, preventing tran-
sit of products of digestion in either the
small or large intestine.
Cholelithiasis (most common acute
cause)
Alcohol abuse (most common chronic
cause)
Biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs,
metabolic disorders (hypertriglyc-
eridemia, hyperglycemia), trauma, acute
Causes of Acute Pancreatitis. kidney injury, endocrine disorders (e.g.,
hyperthyroidism), pancreatic tumors,
penetrating peptic ulcer.
Hepatitis A: Spread through fecal-oral
route, contaminated food or water, close
contacts especially among drug users
and homeless, imported food outbreaks.
Hepatitis B: Blood, semen, body fluids,
sexual contact, needle sharing, moth-
Transmission methods of Hepatitis A, B,
er-to-child, non-sterile medical equip-
C, and E.
ment, increased due to injection drug
use.
Hepatitis C: Blood-to-blood contact, nee-
dle sharing, non-sterile tattooing/pierc-
ing, razors, less commonly sexual con-
tact.
