VM 580 MOCK EXAM QUESTIONS AND
100% CORECT ANSWERS!!
What is the use of hetastarch?
Useful in hypoalbuminemic/hypooncotic patients
What is the recommended dose of hetastarch?
5010 ml/kg IV (cats require lower dose)
What are natural colloid solutions?
Plasma and blood
What is the primary indication for plasma?
Treatment of coagulopathies
When is blood indicated?
When the oxygen content of the blood falls to critically low levels and oxygen delivery is
impaired (PCV <15-20%)
What are the clinical signs of anemia?
Tachycardia, hypotension unresponsive to fluids, tachypnea, dyspnea, anorexia, lethargy, altered
mentation, azotemia, and hyperlactatemia
When should blood be given?
To patients with uncontrolled/ongoing hemorrhage
What is the primary goal of fluid therapy in patients in hypovolemic shock?
To quickly restore the circulating volume and blood pressure to reestablish adequate tissue
perfusion
What is the dosing for shock dosing?
6-20 ml/kg given over 15-30 minutes; repeat every 30-60 minutes until parameters are within
normal limits (max of 4 doses)
,What should be monitored during shock dosing?
HR, extremity temperature, CRT, pulse quality, jug refill, mentation, blood lactate, PCV, TP,
urine production, and ABP
What is small volume fluid therapy?
Administering a 7.2% hypertonic saline (2-4 ml/kg) or a colloid solution (hetastarch) to rapidly
expand intravascular volume
What is the primary goal for patients without hypovolemic shock?
Replace interstitial and intracellular losses, provide maintenance fluid needs, and restore ongoing
losses.
What are the components of the fluid therapy plan?
Dehydration (as a percentage of BW lost), maintenance fluid needs, and ongoing losses.
What are the goals of fluid therapy?
Normalize acid-base derangements, electrolyte abnormalities, and clinical perfusion parameters.
What lab measurements are used to monitor fluid therapy?
Blood lactate, venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), urine specific gravity (SPG), central venous
pressure (CVP), packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP), and mean arterial pressure
(MAP).
What should be considered when determining the fluid drip set?
Macro set = 10-15 drops (ggt) per milliliter, Micro set = 60 drops (ggt) per milliliter for patients
<7kg.
anesthesia maintenance fluid rate
10-20 ml/kg/hr
shock dose
60-90 ml/kg given in boluses of ~25%
, What is pharmacokinetics?
Describes what the body does to a drug; ADME
What is pharmacodynamics?
Study of the effects of a drug on cellular systems
What is clinical pharmacology?
Knowledge of factors that constitute rational drug therapy
What is biotransformation?
Chemical alteration of substances in the body
What is degree of ionization?
Property that controls a drug's ionization state in solution
What is the first pass effect?
Elimination of drug before it enters systemic circulation
What is glucuronidation?
Process of combining drugs with glucuronic acid for excretion
What is Kel?
Fraction of drug eliminated per unit of time
What is pKa?
pH at which a drug is 50% ionized and 50% unionized
What is steady state?
Condition where average total amount of drug in the body does not change
What is therapeutic index?
Comparison of therapeutic effect dose to toxic dose
What is therapeutic range?
100% CORECT ANSWERS!!
What is the use of hetastarch?
Useful in hypoalbuminemic/hypooncotic patients
What is the recommended dose of hetastarch?
5010 ml/kg IV (cats require lower dose)
What are natural colloid solutions?
Plasma and blood
What is the primary indication for plasma?
Treatment of coagulopathies
When is blood indicated?
When the oxygen content of the blood falls to critically low levels and oxygen delivery is
impaired (PCV <15-20%)
What are the clinical signs of anemia?
Tachycardia, hypotension unresponsive to fluids, tachypnea, dyspnea, anorexia, lethargy, altered
mentation, azotemia, and hyperlactatemia
When should blood be given?
To patients with uncontrolled/ongoing hemorrhage
What is the primary goal of fluid therapy in patients in hypovolemic shock?
To quickly restore the circulating volume and blood pressure to reestablish adequate tissue
perfusion
What is the dosing for shock dosing?
6-20 ml/kg given over 15-30 minutes; repeat every 30-60 minutes until parameters are within
normal limits (max of 4 doses)
,What should be monitored during shock dosing?
HR, extremity temperature, CRT, pulse quality, jug refill, mentation, blood lactate, PCV, TP,
urine production, and ABP
What is small volume fluid therapy?
Administering a 7.2% hypertonic saline (2-4 ml/kg) or a colloid solution (hetastarch) to rapidly
expand intravascular volume
What is the primary goal for patients without hypovolemic shock?
Replace interstitial and intracellular losses, provide maintenance fluid needs, and restore ongoing
losses.
What are the components of the fluid therapy plan?
Dehydration (as a percentage of BW lost), maintenance fluid needs, and ongoing losses.
What are the goals of fluid therapy?
Normalize acid-base derangements, electrolyte abnormalities, and clinical perfusion parameters.
What lab measurements are used to monitor fluid therapy?
Blood lactate, venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), urine specific gravity (SPG), central venous
pressure (CVP), packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP), and mean arterial pressure
(MAP).
What should be considered when determining the fluid drip set?
Macro set = 10-15 drops (ggt) per milliliter, Micro set = 60 drops (ggt) per milliliter for patients
<7kg.
anesthesia maintenance fluid rate
10-20 ml/kg/hr
shock dose
60-90 ml/kg given in boluses of ~25%
, What is pharmacokinetics?
Describes what the body does to a drug; ADME
What is pharmacodynamics?
Study of the effects of a drug on cellular systems
What is clinical pharmacology?
Knowledge of factors that constitute rational drug therapy
What is biotransformation?
Chemical alteration of substances in the body
What is degree of ionization?
Property that controls a drug's ionization state in solution
What is the first pass effect?
Elimination of drug before it enters systemic circulation
What is glucuronidation?
Process of combining drugs with glucuronic acid for excretion
What is Kel?
Fraction of drug eliminated per unit of time
What is pKa?
pH at which a drug is 50% ionized and 50% unionized
What is steady state?
Condition where average total amount of drug in the body does not change
What is therapeutic index?
Comparison of therapeutic effect dose to toxic dose
What is therapeutic range?
