CNSL 503 Statistics FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Statistics - ANSWER ✓ encompasses the mathematical field that allows us
to organize, summarize, describe and interpret different forms of information
2. Statistics involves using mathematical formulas and calculations to
understand both small and large sets of informations called... - ANSWER ✓
data (singular datum)
3. 3 importances of statistics - ANSWER ✓ 1. allows to be described and
communicated sufficiently and concisely
2. allows to draw inferences about data
3. equips with necessary tools to make everyday decisions
4. statistic - ANSWER ✓ numerical value that is generated from the individual
scores in the dataset of a sample
5. Parameter - ANSWER ✓ a numerical value generated from the individual
scores in the dataset of the entire population. Remember this saying: statistic
= sample; parameter = population.
6. Representative sample - ANSWER ✓ composed of members that generally
possess the same characteristics as those of the population.
7. Random sampling, - ANSWER ✓ Random sampling, in which every
member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, increases
the reliability of the study results. Random sampling is a form of probability
sampling, where each member is independent of the others
,8. Simple random sampling - ANSWER ✓ each individual in the population of
size has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. If you have ever
written individual names on separate pieces of paper, placed all the pieces of
paper in a hat, and selected names from the hat, you have conducted simple
random sampling
9. Simple random sampling relies on chance in order to create a representative
sample. It is not practical to use this method for large populations,
10.Stratified sampling - ANSWER ✓ a population can be divided into
subgroups called strata.
randomly gathering data from subgroups within a sample. Strata such as
race, gender, and socioeconomic status are clearly defined
Stratified sampling is used when the researcher wants to compare outcomes
for different subgroups within a population or to compare outcomes between
subgroups. There are two types of stratified sampling - proportional and
non-proportiona
11.Cluster sampling - ANSWER ✓ dividing a population into subgroups known
as clusters and then randomly selecting several groups (clusters) for the
study
For example, suppose you wanted to research nursing students taking
graduate statistics. It would be time-consuming and inefficient to get
administrative approval to conduct research on every nursing student in
every college or university. Using cluster sampling, you could identify
several colleges and universities from across the country, obtain
administrative approval, and survey each nursing student in that cluster
(college or university).
Cluster sampling is used when participants are spread out geographically,
making this form of sampling more efficient and cost-effective.
12.Systematic sampling - ANSWER ✓ establishing a rule for how sample
members will be selected
, For example, you might survey every 100th person who exits a department
store or inspect every 30th product from an assembly line
13.Convenience sampling - ANSWER ✓ Unlike random sampling,
convenience sampling does not result in a representative sample
involves selecting individuals because they just happen to be at a certain
place
For example, if you wanted to survey people in town about their dining out
habits, it would be convenient to go to the local diner and interview
restaurant-goers as they left the diner.
14.Sampling error - ANSWER ✓ Any deviation between a statistic and a
parameter
To reduce sampling error, a large enough sample size should be selected to
represent the population.
Then, the appropriate sampling technique can be chosen. Using stratified
sampling (proportional or equal sizes) can help reduce sampling error by
gathering data from samples that are more representative of the population
15.Non-sampling errors or sample bias - ANSWER ✓ Sample bias generally
occurs when the researcher has a mistake in the data collection or
measurement process.
16.Frequency distribution - ANSWER ✓ presents the frequency of every value
in a dataset
17.Frequency tables - ANSWER ✓ displays the number of times (ex:
frequency) a certain value appears within the dataset in a table format
18.What does each column represent in frequency tables? - ANSWER ✓ one
column represents the category, the other column represents the frequency
19.Absolute frequency - ANSWER ✓ raw count
, 20.What type of frequency do you use when answering " how many student out
of the total number of students scored a letter grade?"? - ANSWER ✓
relative frequency
21.Relative frequency - ANSWER ✓ the ratio between the absolute frequency
of a category and the total frequency
22.Formula for relative frequency - ANSWER ✓ frequency in category/total
frequency
23.What type of frequency do you use when answering the question "how many
students scored a B or better?"? - ANSWER ✓ cumulative frequency
24.Cumulative frequency - ANSWER ✓ the sum of frequencies of all preceding
categories
25.Frequency tables can be used for what type of variables? - ANSWER ✓
qualitative or quantitative variables
26.When using frequency tables for quantitative variables, group the
quantitative scores into groups called what? - ANSWER ✓ bins
27.Frequency graphs - ANSWER ✓ pie charts, bar charts, histograms,
frequency polygons, stem and leaf plots
28.What type of frequency graphs are used for qualitative variables? -
ANSWER ✓ pie charts and bar charts
29.What type of frequency graphs are used for quantitative variables? -
ANSWER ✓ histograms, frequency polygons and stem and leaf plots
30.pie charts - ANSWER ✓ displays relative frequencies (and not necessarily
absolute frequencies) of each category for qualitative variables in a pie
31.Each portion of a pie represents... - ANSWER ✓ a different category
32.The size of each portion is proportional to... - ANSWER ✓ the relative
frequency of that category
GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Statistics - ANSWER ✓ encompasses the mathematical field that allows us
to organize, summarize, describe and interpret different forms of information
2. Statistics involves using mathematical formulas and calculations to
understand both small and large sets of informations called... - ANSWER ✓
data (singular datum)
3. 3 importances of statistics - ANSWER ✓ 1. allows to be described and
communicated sufficiently and concisely
2. allows to draw inferences about data
3. equips with necessary tools to make everyday decisions
4. statistic - ANSWER ✓ numerical value that is generated from the individual
scores in the dataset of a sample
5. Parameter - ANSWER ✓ a numerical value generated from the individual
scores in the dataset of the entire population. Remember this saying: statistic
= sample; parameter = population.
6. Representative sample - ANSWER ✓ composed of members that generally
possess the same characteristics as those of the population.
7. Random sampling, - ANSWER ✓ Random sampling, in which every
member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, increases
the reliability of the study results. Random sampling is a form of probability
sampling, where each member is independent of the others
,8. Simple random sampling - ANSWER ✓ each individual in the population of
size has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. If you have ever
written individual names on separate pieces of paper, placed all the pieces of
paper in a hat, and selected names from the hat, you have conducted simple
random sampling
9. Simple random sampling relies on chance in order to create a representative
sample. It is not practical to use this method for large populations,
10.Stratified sampling - ANSWER ✓ a population can be divided into
subgroups called strata.
randomly gathering data from subgroups within a sample. Strata such as
race, gender, and socioeconomic status are clearly defined
Stratified sampling is used when the researcher wants to compare outcomes
for different subgroups within a population or to compare outcomes between
subgroups. There are two types of stratified sampling - proportional and
non-proportiona
11.Cluster sampling - ANSWER ✓ dividing a population into subgroups known
as clusters and then randomly selecting several groups (clusters) for the
study
For example, suppose you wanted to research nursing students taking
graduate statistics. It would be time-consuming and inefficient to get
administrative approval to conduct research on every nursing student in
every college or university. Using cluster sampling, you could identify
several colleges and universities from across the country, obtain
administrative approval, and survey each nursing student in that cluster
(college or university).
Cluster sampling is used when participants are spread out geographically,
making this form of sampling more efficient and cost-effective.
12.Systematic sampling - ANSWER ✓ establishing a rule for how sample
members will be selected
, For example, you might survey every 100th person who exits a department
store or inspect every 30th product from an assembly line
13.Convenience sampling - ANSWER ✓ Unlike random sampling,
convenience sampling does not result in a representative sample
involves selecting individuals because they just happen to be at a certain
place
For example, if you wanted to survey people in town about their dining out
habits, it would be convenient to go to the local diner and interview
restaurant-goers as they left the diner.
14.Sampling error - ANSWER ✓ Any deviation between a statistic and a
parameter
To reduce sampling error, a large enough sample size should be selected to
represent the population.
Then, the appropriate sampling technique can be chosen. Using stratified
sampling (proportional or equal sizes) can help reduce sampling error by
gathering data from samples that are more representative of the population
15.Non-sampling errors or sample bias - ANSWER ✓ Sample bias generally
occurs when the researcher has a mistake in the data collection or
measurement process.
16.Frequency distribution - ANSWER ✓ presents the frequency of every value
in a dataset
17.Frequency tables - ANSWER ✓ displays the number of times (ex:
frequency) a certain value appears within the dataset in a table format
18.What does each column represent in frequency tables? - ANSWER ✓ one
column represents the category, the other column represents the frequency
19.Absolute frequency - ANSWER ✓ raw count
, 20.What type of frequency do you use when answering " how many student out
of the total number of students scored a letter grade?"? - ANSWER ✓
relative frequency
21.Relative frequency - ANSWER ✓ the ratio between the absolute frequency
of a category and the total frequency
22.Formula for relative frequency - ANSWER ✓ frequency in category/total
frequency
23.What type of frequency do you use when answering the question "how many
students scored a B or better?"? - ANSWER ✓ cumulative frequency
24.Cumulative frequency - ANSWER ✓ the sum of frequencies of all preceding
categories
25.Frequency tables can be used for what type of variables? - ANSWER ✓
qualitative or quantitative variables
26.When using frequency tables for quantitative variables, group the
quantitative scores into groups called what? - ANSWER ✓ bins
27.Frequency graphs - ANSWER ✓ pie charts, bar charts, histograms,
frequency polygons, stem and leaf plots
28.What type of frequency graphs are used for qualitative variables? -
ANSWER ✓ pie charts and bar charts
29.What type of frequency graphs are used for quantitative variables? -
ANSWER ✓ histograms, frequency polygons and stem and leaf plots
30.pie charts - ANSWER ✓ displays relative frequencies (and not necessarily
absolute frequencies) of each category for qualitative variables in a pie
31.Each portion of a pie represents... - ANSWER ✓ a different category
32.The size of each portion is proportional to... - ANSWER ✓ the relative
frequency of that category
