4. Founded the jihad movement to overthrow non muslim
History 2059 Notes
rule
Prepared by: Kabeer Ahmad Work:
1. 1821, went for hajj, traveled across india to spread jihad
Section 1: Cultural and Political movement idea
background for the formation of Pak 2. 1823, decided to start work from Punjab to
3. Toured punjab, NWFP, rajasthan, sindh, balochistan and
Movement. afghanistan to enlist men into mujahideen force
Chp 1: Early Reformers: 4. Afghan troops suspicious of each other
Shah Wali Ullah: 5. 1826, HQ in peshawar, urged ranjit singh to free muslims,
As a person (4 Marks) he refused, syed forced to attack Akora and Hazrothe,
1. Born 21 February 1703 Sikhs defeated
2. Real name = Qutubuddin, later known as Shah Wali Ullah 6. Different communities in his army, differed on how
campaign was run, sikhs tried to exploit this
18
because of piety
3. Father name: Shah Abdul Rahim, founded Madrassa 7. In 1827, ulema decided syed become imam because of
Rahimiya knowledge and wisdom which would help unite muslims
4. In 1724, shah went for hajj 8. Surprised by 35000 sikh army when attacking Akora, Yar
81
5. Shah studied under Sheikh Abu Tahir Bin Ibrahim Muhammad traitor in his army, tried to poison him then left
Beliefs: the battle, caused confusion
1. Muslims disunited because of weak leadership in Delhi 9. HQ moved to Panjtrar in Kashmir
and had to come from within the community 10. Sultan Muhammad ibn Yar Muhammad, waged war on
80
2. Problems resulted from incomplete knowledge of the Syed Ahmad, Syed ahmad moved forces to Balakot,
quran and sunnah liberate Kashmir
3. Concentrate on fundamental principles of islam for united 11. Locals betrayed him, informed Sikhs about route,
community 12. 1831, Battle of Balakot, fierce battle, Syed Ahmad
-4
4. Follow the moral and spiritual principles of islam defeated
Work: Importance:
1. Deep understanding of Quran, Sunnah, Fiqh and 1. First example of a movement formed to free muslims from
48
Tasawwuf foreign rulers, movement to achieve religious freedom of
2. Translated quran into persian, available to public, later his muslims, not to hold power
sons translated into urdu 2. Jihad movement was uniting force for muslims, soldiers
03
3. Wrote 51 books, famous : hujjat al baliga, izalat akhfa, were teachers and spiritual leaders
khilafatul khulafa 3. Movement is regarded as forerunner of the pakistan
4. Emphasized need for social justice for peasants and movement by many historians
craftsmen 4. Syed ahmad acted as inspiration for muslims to defend
5. Opposition to marathas, wrote to all muslim nobles, their religion
ad
Ahmad Shah Abdali joined, defeated marathas, battle of Haji Shariahtullah:
panipat 1761 As a person (4 Marks)
Importance 1. Born in 1781 in Faridpur district in east bengal
1. First one to point out decline was as a result of neglect of 2. Father was a farmer
hm
islam 3. 1799, traveled to arabia for hajj, stayed for 19 years
2. Emphasized spiritual and moral regeneration through 4. Greatly influenced by sheikh muhammad abdul wahab
Madrisa Rahimia Beliefs:
3. Writing in persian, islamic teaching available to public, 1. Believed muslims had moved away from true islamic
people understood arabic practice, he wanted them to return to the proper
rA
4. Acted as inspiration for muslims to lead a pure life, urged observation of islamic duties call Faraiz
them to stay away from social evils, 2. Formed the Faraizi movement.
5. Emphasized sectarian division should stop, built bridges Work:
between muslim sects to unite them by emphasizing 1. Found muslims of east bengal being driven into poverty
importance of jihad by british and hindu zamindars who worked together and
ee
6. Future islamic leaders were inspired by him gave muslims few opportunities
Syed Ahmad Barelvi: 2. Wanted to restore the pride of muslims through Faraizi
As a person (4 Marks) movement, emphasized praying for past sins and to lead
a righteous life
ab
1. Born in lucknow, small town of Rai Bareli in 1786
2. Father died whilst he was young 3. His movement’s success concerned hindus and british,
3. 1806, moved to delhi, studied under sons of shah wali who then exiled him into Nawabganj in Dhaka, where he
ullah died in 1840
4. His work continued by his son Mohsin uddin, who:
K
4. Man of action, 1810, joined forces of Amir khan, learned
to use european weaponry
5. Lead troops in prayer
6. 1817, returned to delhi to restore islam to its original a. Divided east bengal into three parts ruled by
purity khalifas who would promote social welfare
Beliefs: b. Helped peasants oppose excessive taxes
1. Man of action, worked against british rule, ensured that c. Threatened to declare jihad against british
muslims were ruled by muslims govt
2. Freedom only achieved through armed struggle against d. British arrested him and after death in 1860,
foreigners movement declined
3. Surrounded himself with men of great piety, improved Importance:
intellectual spiritual lives of muslims 1. Encouraged muslims when they were demoralized by
british and hindu oppression
, 2. Brough spiritual and islamic revival in east bengal b. Decision relayed over 100’s of miles, which is
3. Hindu influences removed why aurangzeb is encouraged use of
4. Movement had important economic and political impact Mansabdars
5. Peasants became united and aware of their rights, c. In case of rebellions, it took many months for
political unity began to grow emperors to take decisive action
6. Forerunner of Pakistan movement 2. Military Costs:
a. Empire was huge
b. Different people and different religions
Chp 2: Causes and Consequences of the Decline
c. Emperors fighting rebellions and pressure
of the Mughal Empire from separatist elements
Impact of Aurangzeb’s policies on the stability of empire: d. Cost of putting down rebellions/invaders was
1. War against Rajputs from 1679-81 enormous
Rebellions by Sikhs, Satnamis in Mewar and Jats in 3. Succession
Gokal a. Huge sums were wasted when emperors died
18
2. Costly war against marathas. Shivaji was originally b. Shah Jahan fell ill in 1647 all four sons fought
defeated in 1665, escaped jail and restarted the to succeed him when we was still alive
campaign 4. Declining military expertise
81
3. Even 25 years of fighting had not subdued the marathas a. Mughal empire had become complacent
and almost emptied the treasury b. Army’s expertise was declining and it was no
Aurangzeb’s Reforms longer an effective fighting force
1. Followed austere measures such as c. Discontented groups within the empire were
80
Banning of alcohol, censors of public morals, stopping quick to act
singing and dancing at court and determining the d. Example: Shivaji’s rebellion in deccan
maximum length for beards 5. Weak Control:
Many people thought that these policies were wise a. Nobility grew strong and became highly
-4
2. Aurangezeb made himself popular by abolition germany powerful
local taxes but generally taxation was very high because b. Some emperorios found it difficult to control
of: them
48
3. Cost of military campaigns c. Alamgir II was assassinated by powerful
4. Building luxurious palaces, example: Mosque at Delhi courtiers
built for his private prayers d. Mansabdari system was not sufficiently
Effectiveness of Aurangzeb’s Successors:
03
supervised
1. Aurangzeb divided empires among 3 sons, fighting broke e. Economic and political ruin ensued
out 6. Arrival of the British:
2. Prinze Muazzum became emperor, survived only few a. EIC too advantage of the trade to be made
years with india
ad
3. His four sons fought for throne, victor jahandar shah was b. EIC was private company but behind it was
murdered in a year the government of Britain
4. 12 people claimed to be emperor at one time c. Britain had gone through industrialization and
5. Muhammad Shah became emperor in 1719, Last mughal sold goods across the world and had great
hm
leader who could claim to be emperor military strength
Invading Forces: British Enters:
1. Persians: 1. 1600, Elizabeth I granted permission to a group of
a. 1738: Nadir Shah of Afghanistan invaded merchants to set up EIC
mughal empire, defeated emperors forces in 2. EIC was given monopoly in trade b/w Britain and areas
rA
karnal in 1739 east of Africa
b. Captured Delhi and territories west of indus 3. Dutch had already won control of spice trade and did not
c. Took huge amounts of gold and jewels as he let anyone share it
did not want to become emperor himself 4. So EIC turned to India, landed in Surat in 1608, 1612
2. Marathas: began trading
ee
a. Formed hindu empire in south india 5. 1664, HQ in Bombay
b. Aurangzeb spent over 25 years trying to 6. 1690, trading post in Calcutta, trade was so profitable that
defeat the marathas EIC afford private army to protect posts
c. 1737, marathas defeated mughal army and 7. By early 19th century, 3 main bases: Bombay, Calcutta,
ab
plundered delhi Madras (called presidencies)
d. Middle of 18th and 19th century, marathas 8. At first British merchants brought benefits not only to
replaced the mughals as the strongest force in themselves but also to the Mughal empire. Indian
india merchants sold goods and became wealthy
K
3. Afghans: 9. 1668, EIC went to war with Aurangzeb, but suffered
a. 1747: Ahmad Shah Durrani attacked Kabul, defeat
Peshawar and Lahore 10. EIC defeated both Portuguese, Dutch and French
b. 1749: gained control of Punjab because of military skills of Robert Clive
c. 1756: gained control of Kashmir and Multan 11. British increased their influence and local princes
d. 1761: Defeated maratha expansion in Battle accepted its authority, and set up own govt in parts of
of Panipat india
Reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire 12. After winning Battle of Plassey, Clive was made governor
1. Administration of Bengal
a. Huge empire, difficult to administer British Expansion from 1750’s to 1850’s
1. Battle of Plassey:
, a. 1756, french encouraged Siraj ud Daulah to b. 1839, rival chief argued who should be king
attack EIC base at Calcutta , he captured but c. Sikhs were worried british would invade
unable to keep control punjab so they attacked the british, defeated
b. 1757, clive arrived with EIC soldiers and in Battle of Aliwal 1846 and forced to sign
defeated Siraj ud daulah’s troops Treaty of Lahore
c. Clive’s victory was because of treachery of Mir d. Raja of Jammu, Ghulab singh allowed to
Jafar purchase Kashmir
d. Eic rewarded him by making him nawab of e. 2nd Sikh War (1848-90 Sikhs suffered defeat,
bengal Sikh Empire ended
e. Mir Jafar was forced to give the company gifts f. 1849, NWFP part of british empire
of land and money 7. Natural and Scientific Border:
2. Battle of Buxar a. Lord Curzon established border based on
a. 1764, Mir Qasim with the nawab of oudh and natural geography, defending the territory from
shah alam II joined together to drive EIC out outside forces
18
of bengal b. Border would help in their relations with Tribal
b. They were unsuccessful and defeated in the Territories to the north
battle of Buxar c. Lord Lytton, brought idea of separating india
81
c. Eic took control of revenue in bengal, bihar, from tribesmen to safeguard northern india
orissa and oudh from non stop raiding
3. Bengal Exploited d. 1839, Sir Motimer Durand signed treaty with
a. EIC was established to make maximum profit Amir Abdur Rahman Khan to fix the border,
80
b. Huge profits of trade in bengal and received known as Durand Line
personal gifts e. British did not add all conquered lands to their
c. But local people were exploited and soon a empire, in Hyderabad, Deccan, Oudh, local
serious famine hit bengal nawabs forced to sign treaties with EIC,
-4
d. Investigation made accused Robert Clive of granting them protection while they were ruled
this exploitation under British guidance (subsidiary alliances)
4. British Government Intervenes (William Pitts Act 8. The Doctrine of Lapse:
48
1784) a. 1852, G.G Dalhousie applied Doctrine of
a. 1773: Act of Parliament passed required EIC Lapse, when ruler died without natural heir,
to provide good government British would annex his lands
03
b. 1784: Pitts india act passed, british govt took b. Satara, Nagpur, Jhansi fell to British hands
direct control of india and its possessions c. Unpopular policy, used as excuse to take
c. Governor General appointed, who controlled 3 land, eg
presidencies, i. 1856, nawab of oudh died, he had
d. Provincial Governors and Chief of Army Staff natural heir, dalhousie declared he
ad
appointed governed people badly, took oudh
e. Police force, legal system and civil service under british control
also introduced 9. Other reasons:
f. 1782: warren hastings, signed treaty ending a. Lord Cornwalis introduced Permanent
hm
first maratha war behind british and marathas Settlement in 1793, making zamindars of
g. 1799: G.G Wellesley invaded mysore and Bengal landowners subject to their payment of
killed Tipu Sultan fixed sum to the British, which amounted to
h. 1803: British entered Delhi, forced shah Alam 10% of totem sum collected by zamindars.
to accept he was ruling under british This secured financial interest of EIC, made
rA
protection Bengal richest area of India, British expanded
i. 1818: marathas defeated by british forces control
i. This act made G.G royal b. Local rulers signed subsidiary alliances
appointment with Lord Wellesley, who was G.G in 1798.
ii. Board of Control replaced EIC’s Local rulers continued running affairs while
ee
Board of Directors, changed from British soldiers offered protection, in return for
trading to sovereign body protection, ruler paid towards cost of soldiers
5. Annexation of Punjab: and accepted British resident adviser,
a. British afraid of Russian expansion into consolidated British power
ab
Afghanistan c. Annexed lands became British property,
b. British agreed with Ranjit Singh, Sikh ruler Hyderabad, Oudh, Mysore, Delhi, and soon
that Afghanistan remain independent, that he Marathas, Sindh and Punjab under British
would help them appoint pro-British ruler in control
K
Kabul Titu Mir (Syed Mir Nisar):
c. 1841, rebel killed all british troops in the 1. Bengali freedom fighter, lead people against the
country oppression of the zamindars and british colonial system
d. British turned on sindh, which was ruled by 2. 1822, went for hajj, in 1827, determined to free Bengal
Amirs who had signed treaty of friendship from un islamic practices
e. British general Charles Napier provoked Amirs 3. Proclaimed himself King and built fort at Narkelbaria and
to the point they attacked British Residency raised army of 15000 followers
f. British used this as an excuse to annex 4. 1831, defeated British forces sent to destroy it
Punjab and take control 5. British sent cavalry and cannon next, titu’s forces could
6. Annexation of NWFP: not withstand, defeated after 5 days of fighting
a. 1809, ranjit singh signed treaty of perpetual
friendship
, 6. Titu gave peasant farmers a cause to fight back the d. Many hindus did not want to leave mother
zamindars, advised muslim farmers to not pay tax on india
beards Events of the War of Independence 1857:
1. 1857 January, British announced new rifle with paper
Why were the British able to conquer India? cartridge covered in grease to keep powder dry, end had
1. Weakness of India to be bitten off to load gun
a. No strong uniting force in india 2. Rumored that grease was of cows and pigs, muslims and
b. Collection of disunited territories with different hindus enraged
rulers, religions, cultures 3. Sepoys became angry and refused to use cartridges
c. Fought each other, saw British as allies, not 4. March, Mangal Pandey defied British officers and
enemies executed
d. Many rulers = feudal landlords, allowed states 5. May, sepoys in meerut refused to touch cartridges,
to decline for personal gain imprisoned, but other soldiers broke into the prison,
2. Strength of British: freeing them
18
a. British had superior weapons, means of 6. Meerut sacked
communication 7. Soldiers marched to Delhi and captured it, Bahadur shah
b. Had confidence, considered themselves as II became unifying symbol of uprising
81
superior 8. British lost control of Mathura, Kanpur, Jhansi, Allahabad,
c. Felt it was their mission to spread their culture Delhi, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)
across world 9. In Kanpur, british forces captured by nana sahib, granted
d. A major reason for British success was that passage out of city when surrendered
80
they always believed they would win 10. Nana sahib turned on them, killing 300 women and
British Rule: children
1. Law and order broken down, frequent famine, warfare 11. 1857 September, british regained delhi, bahadur shah
2. Disrupted trade and agriculture surrendered peacefully, but his sons were beheaded
-4
3. Bengal had great wealth, but went to nobility or British, 12. After capture of lucknow, jhansi was left, in which sepoys
not to locals led by Rani of Jhansi, Lakshimibai, supported by Tatya
4. British tried solving problems Topee
48
a. 1833, british tried giving Indians more part in 13. 1858 June, Lakshimibai killed, Tatya Topee escaped,
civil service , but little change later executed
i. Civil service employed 1000 Why did the War Fail?
03
administrators, chosen through 1. Lack of unity:
competitive examination, language a. Indians not coordinated or united
was english b. No general plan, no attempt to work together
ii. Officials were always British c. Different groups fought for different reasons
d. Indian princes did not want to see imperial
ad
Chp 3: Causes and Consequences of the War of power restored eg:
i. Punjab and Sindh captured by
Independence
Indian troops on British orders, so
Causes of the War:
during war, not keen to help
1. Political:
hm
indians
a. Doctrine of lapse caused resentment, seizure
ii. Indian princes interested in
of oudh in 1856
restoring power, they depended on
b. Mistreatment of mughal emperor, shifted from
british eg:
red fort to obscure qutub sahib, seen as
1. Ruler of Kashmir sent
disrespect
rA
2000 troops to help
c. Lack of opportunities in the civil service
british
d. English had replaced Persian as language of
e. Only uniting force was Islam, as muslims had
administration
suffered the most
2. Religious and Social
f. However sikhs and hindus not ready to see
ee
a. British treated the Indians as an inferior race
Mughal Empire Restored
b. Introduction of railways, roads, telegraphs was
2. British Strengths:
unacceptable
a. Britain was one of the most powerful nations
c. Indians feared Islam,Hinduism,Sikhism under
b. Experienced in warfare and trained in modern
ab
threat as christian missionaries came to
methods of fighting
convert local population and build schools
c. British were disciplined
d. Suttee was banned
d. Skilled diplomats, knew Indian rulers fought to
3. Economic
restore own rights, so they turned groups
K
a. British imposed high taxation
against each other easily
b. Peasants/small landowners found it difficult to
After the War:
pay taxes
1. EIC abolished
c. Tax collectors were corrupt
2. Indian royal family replaced
d. Salary of infantry was low
3. Muslims largely blamed for war, subjected to oppression
4. Military
4. Other groups were preferred, such as Pathans, Gurkhas,
a. Grease cartridges (made from pig and cow
Sikhs
fat, unacceptable to both hindus and muslims)
b. Officers were exclusively british Chp 4: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
c. Rumors that hindu and sikh forced to become Biography:
christians to fight abroad 1. Born in 1817
2. Came from wealthy family
History 2059 Notes
rule
Prepared by: Kabeer Ahmad Work:
1. 1821, went for hajj, traveled across india to spread jihad
Section 1: Cultural and Political movement idea
background for the formation of Pak 2. 1823, decided to start work from Punjab to
3. Toured punjab, NWFP, rajasthan, sindh, balochistan and
Movement. afghanistan to enlist men into mujahideen force
Chp 1: Early Reformers: 4. Afghan troops suspicious of each other
Shah Wali Ullah: 5. 1826, HQ in peshawar, urged ranjit singh to free muslims,
As a person (4 Marks) he refused, syed forced to attack Akora and Hazrothe,
1. Born 21 February 1703 Sikhs defeated
2. Real name = Qutubuddin, later known as Shah Wali Ullah 6. Different communities in his army, differed on how
campaign was run, sikhs tried to exploit this
18
because of piety
3. Father name: Shah Abdul Rahim, founded Madrassa 7. In 1827, ulema decided syed become imam because of
Rahimiya knowledge and wisdom which would help unite muslims
4. In 1724, shah went for hajj 8. Surprised by 35000 sikh army when attacking Akora, Yar
81
5. Shah studied under Sheikh Abu Tahir Bin Ibrahim Muhammad traitor in his army, tried to poison him then left
Beliefs: the battle, caused confusion
1. Muslims disunited because of weak leadership in Delhi 9. HQ moved to Panjtrar in Kashmir
and had to come from within the community 10. Sultan Muhammad ibn Yar Muhammad, waged war on
80
2. Problems resulted from incomplete knowledge of the Syed Ahmad, Syed ahmad moved forces to Balakot,
quran and sunnah liberate Kashmir
3. Concentrate on fundamental principles of islam for united 11. Locals betrayed him, informed Sikhs about route,
community 12. 1831, Battle of Balakot, fierce battle, Syed Ahmad
-4
4. Follow the moral and spiritual principles of islam defeated
Work: Importance:
1. Deep understanding of Quran, Sunnah, Fiqh and 1. First example of a movement formed to free muslims from
48
Tasawwuf foreign rulers, movement to achieve religious freedom of
2. Translated quran into persian, available to public, later his muslims, not to hold power
sons translated into urdu 2. Jihad movement was uniting force for muslims, soldiers
03
3. Wrote 51 books, famous : hujjat al baliga, izalat akhfa, were teachers and spiritual leaders
khilafatul khulafa 3. Movement is regarded as forerunner of the pakistan
4. Emphasized need for social justice for peasants and movement by many historians
craftsmen 4. Syed ahmad acted as inspiration for muslims to defend
5. Opposition to marathas, wrote to all muslim nobles, their religion
ad
Ahmad Shah Abdali joined, defeated marathas, battle of Haji Shariahtullah:
panipat 1761 As a person (4 Marks)
Importance 1. Born in 1781 in Faridpur district in east bengal
1. First one to point out decline was as a result of neglect of 2. Father was a farmer
hm
islam 3. 1799, traveled to arabia for hajj, stayed for 19 years
2. Emphasized spiritual and moral regeneration through 4. Greatly influenced by sheikh muhammad abdul wahab
Madrisa Rahimia Beliefs:
3. Writing in persian, islamic teaching available to public, 1. Believed muslims had moved away from true islamic
people understood arabic practice, he wanted them to return to the proper
rA
4. Acted as inspiration for muslims to lead a pure life, urged observation of islamic duties call Faraiz
them to stay away from social evils, 2. Formed the Faraizi movement.
5. Emphasized sectarian division should stop, built bridges Work:
between muslim sects to unite them by emphasizing 1. Found muslims of east bengal being driven into poverty
importance of jihad by british and hindu zamindars who worked together and
ee
6. Future islamic leaders were inspired by him gave muslims few opportunities
Syed Ahmad Barelvi: 2. Wanted to restore the pride of muslims through Faraizi
As a person (4 Marks) movement, emphasized praying for past sins and to lead
a righteous life
ab
1. Born in lucknow, small town of Rai Bareli in 1786
2. Father died whilst he was young 3. His movement’s success concerned hindus and british,
3. 1806, moved to delhi, studied under sons of shah wali who then exiled him into Nawabganj in Dhaka, where he
ullah died in 1840
4. His work continued by his son Mohsin uddin, who:
K
4. Man of action, 1810, joined forces of Amir khan, learned
to use european weaponry
5. Lead troops in prayer
6. 1817, returned to delhi to restore islam to its original a. Divided east bengal into three parts ruled by
purity khalifas who would promote social welfare
Beliefs: b. Helped peasants oppose excessive taxes
1. Man of action, worked against british rule, ensured that c. Threatened to declare jihad against british
muslims were ruled by muslims govt
2. Freedom only achieved through armed struggle against d. British arrested him and after death in 1860,
foreigners movement declined
3. Surrounded himself with men of great piety, improved Importance:
intellectual spiritual lives of muslims 1. Encouraged muslims when they were demoralized by
british and hindu oppression
, 2. Brough spiritual and islamic revival in east bengal b. Decision relayed over 100’s of miles, which is
3. Hindu influences removed why aurangzeb is encouraged use of
4. Movement had important economic and political impact Mansabdars
5. Peasants became united and aware of their rights, c. In case of rebellions, it took many months for
political unity began to grow emperors to take decisive action
6. Forerunner of Pakistan movement 2. Military Costs:
a. Empire was huge
b. Different people and different religions
Chp 2: Causes and Consequences of the Decline
c. Emperors fighting rebellions and pressure
of the Mughal Empire from separatist elements
Impact of Aurangzeb’s policies on the stability of empire: d. Cost of putting down rebellions/invaders was
1. War against Rajputs from 1679-81 enormous
Rebellions by Sikhs, Satnamis in Mewar and Jats in 3. Succession
Gokal a. Huge sums were wasted when emperors died
18
2. Costly war against marathas. Shivaji was originally b. Shah Jahan fell ill in 1647 all four sons fought
defeated in 1665, escaped jail and restarted the to succeed him when we was still alive
campaign 4. Declining military expertise
81
3. Even 25 years of fighting had not subdued the marathas a. Mughal empire had become complacent
and almost emptied the treasury b. Army’s expertise was declining and it was no
Aurangzeb’s Reforms longer an effective fighting force
1. Followed austere measures such as c. Discontented groups within the empire were
80
Banning of alcohol, censors of public morals, stopping quick to act
singing and dancing at court and determining the d. Example: Shivaji’s rebellion in deccan
maximum length for beards 5. Weak Control:
Many people thought that these policies were wise a. Nobility grew strong and became highly
-4
2. Aurangezeb made himself popular by abolition germany powerful
local taxes but generally taxation was very high because b. Some emperorios found it difficult to control
of: them
48
3. Cost of military campaigns c. Alamgir II was assassinated by powerful
4. Building luxurious palaces, example: Mosque at Delhi courtiers
built for his private prayers d. Mansabdari system was not sufficiently
Effectiveness of Aurangzeb’s Successors:
03
supervised
1. Aurangzeb divided empires among 3 sons, fighting broke e. Economic and political ruin ensued
out 6. Arrival of the British:
2. Prinze Muazzum became emperor, survived only few a. EIC too advantage of the trade to be made
years with india
ad
3. His four sons fought for throne, victor jahandar shah was b. EIC was private company but behind it was
murdered in a year the government of Britain
4. 12 people claimed to be emperor at one time c. Britain had gone through industrialization and
5. Muhammad Shah became emperor in 1719, Last mughal sold goods across the world and had great
hm
leader who could claim to be emperor military strength
Invading Forces: British Enters:
1. Persians: 1. 1600, Elizabeth I granted permission to a group of
a. 1738: Nadir Shah of Afghanistan invaded merchants to set up EIC
mughal empire, defeated emperors forces in 2. EIC was given monopoly in trade b/w Britain and areas
rA
karnal in 1739 east of Africa
b. Captured Delhi and territories west of indus 3. Dutch had already won control of spice trade and did not
c. Took huge amounts of gold and jewels as he let anyone share it
did not want to become emperor himself 4. So EIC turned to India, landed in Surat in 1608, 1612
2. Marathas: began trading
ee
a. Formed hindu empire in south india 5. 1664, HQ in Bombay
b. Aurangzeb spent over 25 years trying to 6. 1690, trading post in Calcutta, trade was so profitable that
defeat the marathas EIC afford private army to protect posts
c. 1737, marathas defeated mughal army and 7. By early 19th century, 3 main bases: Bombay, Calcutta,
ab
plundered delhi Madras (called presidencies)
d. Middle of 18th and 19th century, marathas 8. At first British merchants brought benefits not only to
replaced the mughals as the strongest force in themselves but also to the Mughal empire. Indian
india merchants sold goods and became wealthy
K
3. Afghans: 9. 1668, EIC went to war with Aurangzeb, but suffered
a. 1747: Ahmad Shah Durrani attacked Kabul, defeat
Peshawar and Lahore 10. EIC defeated both Portuguese, Dutch and French
b. 1749: gained control of Punjab because of military skills of Robert Clive
c. 1756: gained control of Kashmir and Multan 11. British increased their influence and local princes
d. 1761: Defeated maratha expansion in Battle accepted its authority, and set up own govt in parts of
of Panipat india
Reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire 12. After winning Battle of Plassey, Clive was made governor
1. Administration of Bengal
a. Huge empire, difficult to administer British Expansion from 1750’s to 1850’s
1. Battle of Plassey:
, a. 1756, french encouraged Siraj ud Daulah to b. 1839, rival chief argued who should be king
attack EIC base at Calcutta , he captured but c. Sikhs were worried british would invade
unable to keep control punjab so they attacked the british, defeated
b. 1757, clive arrived with EIC soldiers and in Battle of Aliwal 1846 and forced to sign
defeated Siraj ud daulah’s troops Treaty of Lahore
c. Clive’s victory was because of treachery of Mir d. Raja of Jammu, Ghulab singh allowed to
Jafar purchase Kashmir
d. Eic rewarded him by making him nawab of e. 2nd Sikh War (1848-90 Sikhs suffered defeat,
bengal Sikh Empire ended
e. Mir Jafar was forced to give the company gifts f. 1849, NWFP part of british empire
of land and money 7. Natural and Scientific Border:
2. Battle of Buxar a. Lord Curzon established border based on
a. 1764, Mir Qasim with the nawab of oudh and natural geography, defending the territory from
shah alam II joined together to drive EIC out outside forces
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of bengal b. Border would help in their relations with Tribal
b. They were unsuccessful and defeated in the Territories to the north
battle of Buxar c. Lord Lytton, brought idea of separating india
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c. Eic took control of revenue in bengal, bihar, from tribesmen to safeguard northern india
orissa and oudh from non stop raiding
3. Bengal Exploited d. 1839, Sir Motimer Durand signed treaty with
a. EIC was established to make maximum profit Amir Abdur Rahman Khan to fix the border,
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b. Huge profits of trade in bengal and received known as Durand Line
personal gifts e. British did not add all conquered lands to their
c. But local people were exploited and soon a empire, in Hyderabad, Deccan, Oudh, local
serious famine hit bengal nawabs forced to sign treaties with EIC,
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d. Investigation made accused Robert Clive of granting them protection while they were ruled
this exploitation under British guidance (subsidiary alliances)
4. British Government Intervenes (William Pitts Act 8. The Doctrine of Lapse:
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1784) a. 1852, G.G Dalhousie applied Doctrine of
a. 1773: Act of Parliament passed required EIC Lapse, when ruler died without natural heir,
to provide good government British would annex his lands
03
b. 1784: Pitts india act passed, british govt took b. Satara, Nagpur, Jhansi fell to British hands
direct control of india and its possessions c. Unpopular policy, used as excuse to take
c. Governor General appointed, who controlled 3 land, eg
presidencies, i. 1856, nawab of oudh died, he had
d. Provincial Governors and Chief of Army Staff natural heir, dalhousie declared he
ad
appointed governed people badly, took oudh
e. Police force, legal system and civil service under british control
also introduced 9. Other reasons:
f. 1782: warren hastings, signed treaty ending a. Lord Cornwalis introduced Permanent
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first maratha war behind british and marathas Settlement in 1793, making zamindars of
g. 1799: G.G Wellesley invaded mysore and Bengal landowners subject to their payment of
killed Tipu Sultan fixed sum to the British, which amounted to
h. 1803: British entered Delhi, forced shah Alam 10% of totem sum collected by zamindars.
to accept he was ruling under british This secured financial interest of EIC, made
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protection Bengal richest area of India, British expanded
i. 1818: marathas defeated by british forces control
i. This act made G.G royal b. Local rulers signed subsidiary alliances
appointment with Lord Wellesley, who was G.G in 1798.
ii. Board of Control replaced EIC’s Local rulers continued running affairs while
ee
Board of Directors, changed from British soldiers offered protection, in return for
trading to sovereign body protection, ruler paid towards cost of soldiers
5. Annexation of Punjab: and accepted British resident adviser,
a. British afraid of Russian expansion into consolidated British power
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Afghanistan c. Annexed lands became British property,
b. British agreed with Ranjit Singh, Sikh ruler Hyderabad, Oudh, Mysore, Delhi, and soon
that Afghanistan remain independent, that he Marathas, Sindh and Punjab under British
would help them appoint pro-British ruler in control
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Kabul Titu Mir (Syed Mir Nisar):
c. 1841, rebel killed all british troops in the 1. Bengali freedom fighter, lead people against the
country oppression of the zamindars and british colonial system
d. British turned on sindh, which was ruled by 2. 1822, went for hajj, in 1827, determined to free Bengal
Amirs who had signed treaty of friendship from un islamic practices
e. British general Charles Napier provoked Amirs 3. Proclaimed himself King and built fort at Narkelbaria and
to the point they attacked British Residency raised army of 15000 followers
f. British used this as an excuse to annex 4. 1831, defeated British forces sent to destroy it
Punjab and take control 5. British sent cavalry and cannon next, titu’s forces could
6. Annexation of NWFP: not withstand, defeated after 5 days of fighting
a. 1809, ranjit singh signed treaty of perpetual
friendship
, 6. Titu gave peasant farmers a cause to fight back the d. Many hindus did not want to leave mother
zamindars, advised muslim farmers to not pay tax on india
beards Events of the War of Independence 1857:
1. 1857 January, British announced new rifle with paper
Why were the British able to conquer India? cartridge covered in grease to keep powder dry, end had
1. Weakness of India to be bitten off to load gun
a. No strong uniting force in india 2. Rumored that grease was of cows and pigs, muslims and
b. Collection of disunited territories with different hindus enraged
rulers, religions, cultures 3. Sepoys became angry and refused to use cartridges
c. Fought each other, saw British as allies, not 4. March, Mangal Pandey defied British officers and
enemies executed
d. Many rulers = feudal landlords, allowed states 5. May, sepoys in meerut refused to touch cartridges,
to decline for personal gain imprisoned, but other soldiers broke into the prison,
2. Strength of British: freeing them
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a. British had superior weapons, means of 6. Meerut sacked
communication 7. Soldiers marched to Delhi and captured it, Bahadur shah
b. Had confidence, considered themselves as II became unifying symbol of uprising
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superior 8. British lost control of Mathura, Kanpur, Jhansi, Allahabad,
c. Felt it was their mission to spread their culture Delhi, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)
across world 9. In Kanpur, british forces captured by nana sahib, granted
d. A major reason for British success was that passage out of city when surrendered
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they always believed they would win 10. Nana sahib turned on them, killing 300 women and
British Rule: children
1. Law and order broken down, frequent famine, warfare 11. 1857 September, british regained delhi, bahadur shah
2. Disrupted trade and agriculture surrendered peacefully, but his sons were beheaded
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3. Bengal had great wealth, but went to nobility or British, 12. After capture of lucknow, jhansi was left, in which sepoys
not to locals led by Rani of Jhansi, Lakshimibai, supported by Tatya
4. British tried solving problems Topee
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a. 1833, british tried giving Indians more part in 13. 1858 June, Lakshimibai killed, Tatya Topee escaped,
civil service , but little change later executed
i. Civil service employed 1000 Why did the War Fail?
03
administrators, chosen through 1. Lack of unity:
competitive examination, language a. Indians not coordinated or united
was english b. No general plan, no attempt to work together
ii. Officials were always British c. Different groups fought for different reasons
d. Indian princes did not want to see imperial
ad
Chp 3: Causes and Consequences of the War of power restored eg:
i. Punjab and Sindh captured by
Independence
Indian troops on British orders, so
Causes of the War:
during war, not keen to help
1. Political:
hm
indians
a. Doctrine of lapse caused resentment, seizure
ii. Indian princes interested in
of oudh in 1856
restoring power, they depended on
b. Mistreatment of mughal emperor, shifted from
british eg:
red fort to obscure qutub sahib, seen as
1. Ruler of Kashmir sent
disrespect
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2000 troops to help
c. Lack of opportunities in the civil service
british
d. English had replaced Persian as language of
e. Only uniting force was Islam, as muslims had
administration
suffered the most
2. Religious and Social
f. However sikhs and hindus not ready to see
ee
a. British treated the Indians as an inferior race
Mughal Empire Restored
b. Introduction of railways, roads, telegraphs was
2. British Strengths:
unacceptable
a. Britain was one of the most powerful nations
c. Indians feared Islam,Hinduism,Sikhism under
b. Experienced in warfare and trained in modern
ab
threat as christian missionaries came to
methods of fighting
convert local population and build schools
c. British were disciplined
d. Suttee was banned
d. Skilled diplomats, knew Indian rulers fought to
3. Economic
restore own rights, so they turned groups
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a. British imposed high taxation
against each other easily
b. Peasants/small landowners found it difficult to
After the War:
pay taxes
1. EIC abolished
c. Tax collectors were corrupt
2. Indian royal family replaced
d. Salary of infantry was low
3. Muslims largely blamed for war, subjected to oppression
4. Military
4. Other groups were preferred, such as Pathans, Gurkhas,
a. Grease cartridges (made from pig and cow
Sikhs
fat, unacceptable to both hindus and muslims)
b. Officers were exclusively british Chp 4: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
c. Rumors that hindu and sikh forced to become Biography:
christians to fight abroad 1. Born in 1817
2. Came from wealthy family
