Microbiology,
-- A Systems Approach, Ch. 7
Nutrients - (correct Answer) - Processed and transformed into the chemicals of the cell after absorption
Essential nutrient - (correct Answer) - Any substance that must be provided to an organism
Macronutrients - (correct Answer) - -required in relatively large quantities
-play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism
-ex. C, H, O
Micronutrients - (correct Answer) - -"trace elements"
-present in small amounts
-involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
-ex. Mag, Zinc, Nickle
inorganic nutrient - (correct Answer) - A combination of atoms other than C and H
oxygen - (correct Answer) - O2 in air, certain oxides, water
nitrogen - (correct Answer) - N2 in air; NO3-, NO2-, NH4+ in soil and water
hydrogen - (correct Answer) - Water, H2 gas, mineral deposits
Carbon - (correct Answer) - CO2 in air; CO3 2- in rocks & sediments
Organic Nutrients - (correct Answer) - -Constains C and H
-usually products of living things
Heterotroph (Carbon Source) - (correct Answer) - -Must obtain its C in an organic form
-Dependent on living things
Autotroph (Carbon Source) - (correct Answer) - -"Self-feeder"
-Uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source (NOT nutritionally dependent on other living things)
Nitrogen Sources - (correct Answer) - -Main reservoir N2
-Primary nitrogen source for heterotophs (DNA, RNA, and ATP)
-Some bacteria and algae can transform N2 into usable compounds through nitrogen fixation
, (nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodes in legume roots-good for soil)
Growth Factor - (correct Answer) - An organic compound such as an amino acid, nitrogenous base, or
vitamin that can not be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient.
Essential Amino Acid - (correct Answer) - Amino acids that must be obtained from food
Phototroph (Energy Source) - (correct Answer) - Use Light
Chemotroph (Energy Source) - (correct Answer) - Use organic molecules
Lithotroph (Energy Source) - (correct Answer) - Use inorganic molecules like H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide;
colorless gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs; it is heavier than air, very poisonous,
corrosive, flammable, and explosive.)
Saprobes - (correct Answer) - -Free-living microorganisms
-Decomposers of plant liter, animal liter, and dead microbes
-Most have rigid cell walls, so they can release enzymes to the extracellular environment and digest food
particles into smaller molecules
Obligate Saprobes - (correct Answer) - Exists strictly on dead organic matter in soil and water
Parasites - (correct Answer) - -Derive nutrients from the cells or tissues of a host
-Often are also pathogens because they cause damage to the tissues or even death
Ectoparasites - (correct Answer) - Parasites that live on the body
Endoparasites - (correct Answer) - Parasites that live in the organs and tissues
Intracellular Parasites - (correct Answer) - parasites that live within cells
Obligate Parasites - (correct Answer) - Parasites that are unable to grow outside of a living host
Diffusion - (correct Answer) - -Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration.
-Will eventually evenly distribute the molecules...
osmosis - (correct Answer) - Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of
higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two
sides
Membrane - (correct Answer) - Selectively permeable; allows free diffusion of water but can block
certain other dissolved molecules
Isotonic - (correct Answer) - -The environment is equal in solute concentration to the cell's internal
environment, and because diffusion of water proceeds at the same rate in both directions, there is no
net change in cell volume
-- A Systems Approach, Ch. 7
Nutrients - (correct Answer) - Processed and transformed into the chemicals of the cell after absorption
Essential nutrient - (correct Answer) - Any substance that must be provided to an organism
Macronutrients - (correct Answer) - -required in relatively large quantities
-play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism
-ex. C, H, O
Micronutrients - (correct Answer) - -"trace elements"
-present in small amounts
-involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
-ex. Mag, Zinc, Nickle
inorganic nutrient - (correct Answer) - A combination of atoms other than C and H
oxygen - (correct Answer) - O2 in air, certain oxides, water
nitrogen - (correct Answer) - N2 in air; NO3-, NO2-, NH4+ in soil and water
hydrogen - (correct Answer) - Water, H2 gas, mineral deposits
Carbon - (correct Answer) - CO2 in air; CO3 2- in rocks & sediments
Organic Nutrients - (correct Answer) - -Constains C and H
-usually products of living things
Heterotroph (Carbon Source) - (correct Answer) - -Must obtain its C in an organic form
-Dependent on living things
Autotroph (Carbon Source) - (correct Answer) - -"Self-feeder"
-Uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source (NOT nutritionally dependent on other living things)
Nitrogen Sources - (correct Answer) - -Main reservoir N2
-Primary nitrogen source for heterotophs (DNA, RNA, and ATP)
-Some bacteria and algae can transform N2 into usable compounds through nitrogen fixation
, (nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodes in legume roots-good for soil)
Growth Factor - (correct Answer) - An organic compound such as an amino acid, nitrogenous base, or
vitamin that can not be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient.
Essential Amino Acid - (correct Answer) - Amino acids that must be obtained from food
Phototroph (Energy Source) - (correct Answer) - Use Light
Chemotroph (Energy Source) - (correct Answer) - Use organic molecules
Lithotroph (Energy Source) - (correct Answer) - Use inorganic molecules like H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide;
colorless gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs; it is heavier than air, very poisonous,
corrosive, flammable, and explosive.)
Saprobes - (correct Answer) - -Free-living microorganisms
-Decomposers of plant liter, animal liter, and dead microbes
-Most have rigid cell walls, so they can release enzymes to the extracellular environment and digest food
particles into smaller molecules
Obligate Saprobes - (correct Answer) - Exists strictly on dead organic matter in soil and water
Parasites - (correct Answer) - -Derive nutrients from the cells or tissues of a host
-Often are also pathogens because they cause damage to the tissues or even death
Ectoparasites - (correct Answer) - Parasites that live on the body
Endoparasites - (correct Answer) - Parasites that live in the organs and tissues
Intracellular Parasites - (correct Answer) - parasites that live within cells
Obligate Parasites - (correct Answer) - Parasites that are unable to grow outside of a living host
Diffusion - (correct Answer) - -Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration.
-Will eventually evenly distribute the molecules...
osmosis - (correct Answer) - Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of
higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two
sides
Membrane - (correct Answer) - Selectively permeable; allows free diffusion of water but can block
certain other dissolved molecules
Isotonic - (correct Answer) - -The environment is equal in solute concentration to the cell's internal
environment, and because diffusion of water proceeds at the same rate in both directions, there is no
net change in cell volume
