Geology 1111 Online TRU exam Study Guide with
Complete Expert Verified Solutions
Introduction:
This document is a comprehensive study guide for Geology 1111 at
TRU, designed to prepare students for exams. It covers all major
topics including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks,
plate tectonics, volcanoes, earthquakes, geological time,
weathering, soils, glaciers, hydrology, and climate processes. The
guide provides detailed definitions, explanations, and practice
questions with expert-verified solutions, making it a complete exam
preparation resource.
Exam Questions and Answers:
bowen reaction series --- correct answer ---Sequence in which
minerals crystallize from magma. olyvine to yroxine, pyroxene to
amphibole, and under the right conditions amphibole to biotite.
mafic --- correct answer ---50-100% ferromagnesian silicates, have
pyroxene and in some cases olivine, max 50% plagioclase and it
will be calcium rich or anorthitic
,intermediate --- correct answer ---20-50% ferrogmagnesian
silicates, typically have amphibole, and sometimes pyroxene, have
25% quartz and 50 to 75% plagioclase
felsic --- correct answer ---1-20% ferromagnesian silicates,
typically have biotite and amphibole, have 0-35% k feldspar, 25-
50% plagioclase
country rock --- correct answer ---The rock surrounding and
intrusive magma body, much of it sometimes can break off and fall
into the magma in a process called stoping. tends to make magma
more felsic if it happens
stocks --- correct answer ---a large irregular shaped pluton which
area is 100 kilometers square or less
Batholiths --- correct answer ---a large irregular shaped pluton
with an area which is more than 100km's squared. Often is only
formed when a number of stocks coalesce beneath the surface to
create one large body.
plutons --- correct answer ---upward moving magma, which has
cooled within the crust. Can vary according to the shape and
relationship to the surrounding country rock
,sill --- correct answer ---a slab of volcanic rock formed when
magma squeezes between layers of rock. is concordant (parallel)
with existing layering
dyke --- correct answer ---a slab of internal volcanic igneous rock
which is discordant and not parallel to the existing layering
laccolith --- correct answer ---a sill like ody that has expanded
upward by deforming the overlying rock
a pipe --- correct answer ---a cylindrical body that serves as a
conduit for the movement of magma from one location to another.
Most known pipes fed volcanoes, although pipes can also connect
plutons. It is also possible for a dyke to feed a volcano.
divergent boundaries --- correct answer ---spreading ridges; as
plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the gap. mafic
magma typically
convergent boundaries --- correct answer ---Occur where two
plates slide TOWARD each other, commonly forming a subduction
zone. tends to produce felsic matierial.
mantle plumes --- correct answer ---an ascending clumn of hot rock
that originates deep in the mantle
, differences between felsic magma and mafic magmas --- correct
answer ---1. felsic magmas tend to e more viscous as they have
more silica and thus more polymerization. 2. Felsic magmas tend to
have higher levels of volatiles; that is components that behave as
gases during volcanic eruptions.
felsic magma has more volatiles. Felsic magma is too viscous for
gases to escape easily. creates pressure until there is an explosion
cinder cones --- correct answer ---made up of fragments of
vesicular mafic rock. monogenetic meaning that they formed during
a single eruptive phase. Little strength, made of loose fragments,
can be easily and quickly eroded away
composite volcanoes --- correct answer ---almost all are associated
with subduction at convergent plate boundaries, either ocean
continent or ocean ocean boundaries
can extent up to several thousand metres from the surrounding
terrain, and can have slopes up to 30 degrees and are typically
10kms across.
- can have numerous kinds of eruptions from lava flows, to
explosive eruptions depending on whether the magma is felsic,
intermediate, or mafic
- can erode away relatively quickly once the eruptions cease
Complete Expert Verified Solutions
Introduction:
This document is a comprehensive study guide for Geology 1111 at
TRU, designed to prepare students for exams. It covers all major
topics including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks,
plate tectonics, volcanoes, earthquakes, geological time,
weathering, soils, glaciers, hydrology, and climate processes. The
guide provides detailed definitions, explanations, and practice
questions with expert-verified solutions, making it a complete exam
preparation resource.
Exam Questions and Answers:
bowen reaction series --- correct answer ---Sequence in which
minerals crystallize from magma. olyvine to yroxine, pyroxene to
amphibole, and under the right conditions amphibole to biotite.
mafic --- correct answer ---50-100% ferromagnesian silicates, have
pyroxene and in some cases olivine, max 50% plagioclase and it
will be calcium rich or anorthitic
,intermediate --- correct answer ---20-50% ferrogmagnesian
silicates, typically have amphibole, and sometimes pyroxene, have
25% quartz and 50 to 75% plagioclase
felsic --- correct answer ---1-20% ferromagnesian silicates,
typically have biotite and amphibole, have 0-35% k feldspar, 25-
50% plagioclase
country rock --- correct answer ---The rock surrounding and
intrusive magma body, much of it sometimes can break off and fall
into the magma in a process called stoping. tends to make magma
more felsic if it happens
stocks --- correct answer ---a large irregular shaped pluton which
area is 100 kilometers square or less
Batholiths --- correct answer ---a large irregular shaped pluton
with an area which is more than 100km's squared. Often is only
formed when a number of stocks coalesce beneath the surface to
create one large body.
plutons --- correct answer ---upward moving magma, which has
cooled within the crust. Can vary according to the shape and
relationship to the surrounding country rock
,sill --- correct answer ---a slab of volcanic rock formed when
magma squeezes between layers of rock. is concordant (parallel)
with existing layering
dyke --- correct answer ---a slab of internal volcanic igneous rock
which is discordant and not parallel to the existing layering
laccolith --- correct answer ---a sill like ody that has expanded
upward by deforming the overlying rock
a pipe --- correct answer ---a cylindrical body that serves as a
conduit for the movement of magma from one location to another.
Most known pipes fed volcanoes, although pipes can also connect
plutons. It is also possible for a dyke to feed a volcano.
divergent boundaries --- correct answer ---spreading ridges; as
plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the gap. mafic
magma typically
convergent boundaries --- correct answer ---Occur where two
plates slide TOWARD each other, commonly forming a subduction
zone. tends to produce felsic matierial.
mantle plumes --- correct answer ---an ascending clumn of hot rock
that originates deep in the mantle
, differences between felsic magma and mafic magmas --- correct
answer ---1. felsic magmas tend to e more viscous as they have
more silica and thus more polymerization. 2. Felsic magmas tend to
have higher levels of volatiles; that is components that behave as
gases during volcanic eruptions.
felsic magma has more volatiles. Felsic magma is too viscous for
gases to escape easily. creates pressure until there is an explosion
cinder cones --- correct answer ---made up of fragments of
vesicular mafic rock. monogenetic meaning that they formed during
a single eruptive phase. Little strength, made of loose fragments,
can be easily and quickly eroded away
composite volcanoes --- correct answer ---almost all are associated
with subduction at convergent plate boundaries, either ocean
continent or ocean ocean boundaries
can extent up to several thousand metres from the surrounding
terrain, and can have slopes up to 30 degrees and are typically
10kms across.
- can have numerous kinds of eruptions from lava flows, to
explosive eruptions depending on whether the magma is felsic,
intermediate, or mafic
- can erode away relatively quickly once the eruptions cease
