ib history
apr. 5-6
🥲
paper 1 - road to wwii.................................................................................................................. 2
overview...................................................................................................................................2
paper 2: authoritarian leaders, 20th century wars, cold war................................................... 2
world war i................................................................................................................................2
overview.............................................................................................................................2
causes:...............................................................................................................................3
elements of war:.................................................................................................................4
end of the war:................................................................................................................... 6
authoritarian states.................................................................................................................. 7
mao.................................................................................................................................... 7
rise to power:............................................................................................................... 7
policies:........................................................................................................................ 8
stalin...................................................................................................................................9
rise to power:............................................................................................................... 9
policies:........................................................................................................................ 9
hitler................................................................................................................................. 10
rise to power:............................................................................................................. 10
policies:...................................................................................................................... 10
world war ii............................................................................................................................. 11
overview........................................................................................................................... 11
causes:.............................................................................................................................11
elements of war:...............................................................................................................15
battle in europe:......................................................................................................... 15
battle of the pacific:.................................................................................................... 16
end of war:....................................................................................................................... 17
cold war................................................................................................................................. 17
paper 3 - history of the americas............................................................................................. 17
overview.................................................................................................................................17
topics..................................................................................................................................... 17
outside information................................................................................................................ 17
,paper 1 - road to wwii
overview
(SEE PAPER 2 CAUSES OF WWII)
paper 2: authoritarian leaders, 20th century wars,
cold war
world war i
overview
world war i was a conflict from 1914 to 1919 mainly between the countries of germany,
austria-hungary, russia, great britain, france, serbia, and the ottoman empire. this conflict was
largely generated by tensions over land disputes, militarism, nationalism, and alliances.
primarily, the main conflict in wwi was generated over the balkan wars between serbia,
austria-hungary, macedonia, bulgaria, and greece. this conflict led to the assassination of
austrian archduke franz ferdinand, to which austria-hungary responded with their serbian
ultimatum. after serbia failed to meet their demands, austria declared war on serbia and
because of kaiser wilhelm’s blank check they also declared war on serbia. furthermore, an
alliance between serbia and russia then added russia into the conflict who had previously allied
against germany which france in the double entente. as a result, france entered the war along
with great britain–france already had high tensions with germany because of previous land
disputes with germany as created by the franco-prussian war and german unification by otto
von bismarck. germany then enacted their schlieffen plan–designed to conquer france quickly
and avoid a two-front war–however it soon failed. after this the war soon developed into a war
of attrition involving trench warfare which was very heavy on the soldiers (shell shock,
trench foot). this warfare led to the development of weaponry like tanks, machine guns,
british 18 pounders, airplanes, and german zeppelins. after years of trench warfare
alongside marine warfare the us later entered the war in 1917 after the sinking of the lusitania
and the zimmerman telegram was discovered. finally, the french pushed back against the
hindenburg line and destroyed the final german defense in france. concluding the war, the
paris peace conference of 1919 resulted in the creation of the treaty of versailles 1919 which
required that germany pay intense reparations, sign the war guilt clause, disarm, lose territory
(saarland, rhineland), and lose their overseas colonies. it also created the league of nations
and generally increased tensions throughout the world–particularly in italy, germany, japan, and
other colony nations.
,causes:
- franco prussian war: the franco prussian war occurred in 1871 and preceded wwi. it
unified germany and created a new power in europe
- militarism: when countries raised their army in fear of others raising their armies. this
led to heightened tensions
- arms race: heightened industrialization encouraged the development of other
weapons creating an arms race
- placed an economic toll on the countries to gain more colonies or use
natural resources
- naval race: when germany sought to create a navy that equaled britain, creating new
classes of naval warfare and strengthening both navies. the british felt threatened as a
result
- nationalism: a feeling of pride towards one’s own country, as a result nationalism
motivates imperialism leading to conflicts over disputed territories
- dual & triple alliance: a consanguineous alliance between germany and
austria-hungary. it later expanded to include italy and was anti triple entente
- reinsurance treaty: an agreement where germany and russia would remain neutral if
either one became involved in war. it however was not renewed when otto von bismarck
fell out of power which led to rising tensions between russia and germany
- as a result russia sought an alliance with france
- kaiser wilhelm ii: fired otto von bismarck and directly caused wwi, also issued the blank
check to austria and increased tensions in europe
- bismarck’s alliance system: ensured that germany was united through a system of
alliances between each of the states, strengthening germany
- dreikaiserbund/three emperors league 1873 (between germany,
austria-hungary and russia)
- dual alliance 1879 (austria-hungary, germany)
- three emperors alliance 1881 (germany, austria-hungary, russia)
- triple alliance 1882 (germany, austria-hungary, italy)
- weltpolitik: translates to world politics, the foreign policy during the reign of wilhelm ii. It
was their plan to establish international dominance, build a global empire, and increase
their naval power
- imperialism: made countries fight over territory, making the central powers engage in
war. they wanted this land to expand their borders and support their growing economies
- battle of poland (germany)
- scramble for africa (gb, germany, italy, france, spain, portugal)
- berlin conference: splitting of the continent between various powers
- alsace-lorraine (france, germany)
- franco-russian alliance 1894: aka the double entente, a non-aggressive pact used to
isolate germany.
- triple entente: alliance between gb, russia, and france. contributed heavily to the start of
wwi as germany felt threatened
, - balkan wars: when the balkan people wanted more political power and rights, heavy
discontent in serbia, bulgaria, greece, macedonia. also fueled by nationalism and
interference by the great powers.
- led to the assassination of archduke franz ferdinand of austria by serbian
terrorist group the black hand
- july crisis: in july 1914 when tensions increased in europe and made room for irrational
decisions
- german blank check: gave austria germany’s unconditional support in the conflict
between austria and serbia
- serbian ultimatum: provided unreasonable conditions that serbia had to meet after the
assassination of franz ferdinand
- russian mobilization: mobilization of the russian army, caused by the german
mobilization
elements of war:
- schlieffen plan: german plan to invade france and then russia, developed based on the
franco prussian war. failure of this led to the “race to the sea” and millions of deaths by
trench warfare
- trench warfare: new form of warfare that included digging massive trenches. created
because of improvements in war tech that allowed for war of attrition
- indirect fire: the gunners couldn’t see the targets so they shot where they
imagine the targets to be
- shell shock: mental state of the soldiers after witnessing wwi. created the lost
generation
- ernest hemingway, f. scott fitzgerald (who jfk is named after)
- trench foot: condition developed by soldiers after spending long times in the trenches
- war of attrition: wearing down the other opponent until they surrender, led to millions of
casualties on the western front and many more wounded
- machine gun: new weapon that mowed down hundreds of soldiers very quickly
- british 18 pounder
- poison gas: first used effectively by germany during wwi which gave countries new
methods of killing at a more efficient pace
- tanks: first used by the allied forces at the battle of the somme, good for getting out and
beyond trenches
- track vehicles
- eventually destroyed the hindenburg line (last line of german defense in france)
- submarines/u-boats: one reason why germany went to war, wanted to build their navy
and surpass the british navy. led to the sinking of the lusitania
- airplanes: allowed for reconnaissance and imaging of the enemy
- zeppelins: planes that allowed germans to photograph their enemy’s set up, some were
also armed
- battle of the somme: july 1 1916, offensive was led by british general douglas haig w/
aim to relieve the pressure on verdun
- first use of tanks
apr. 5-6
🥲
paper 1 - road to wwii.................................................................................................................. 2
overview...................................................................................................................................2
paper 2: authoritarian leaders, 20th century wars, cold war................................................... 2
world war i................................................................................................................................2
overview.............................................................................................................................2
causes:...............................................................................................................................3
elements of war:.................................................................................................................4
end of the war:................................................................................................................... 6
authoritarian states.................................................................................................................. 7
mao.................................................................................................................................... 7
rise to power:............................................................................................................... 7
policies:........................................................................................................................ 8
stalin...................................................................................................................................9
rise to power:............................................................................................................... 9
policies:........................................................................................................................ 9
hitler................................................................................................................................. 10
rise to power:............................................................................................................. 10
policies:...................................................................................................................... 10
world war ii............................................................................................................................. 11
overview........................................................................................................................... 11
causes:.............................................................................................................................11
elements of war:...............................................................................................................15
battle in europe:......................................................................................................... 15
battle of the pacific:.................................................................................................... 16
end of war:....................................................................................................................... 17
cold war................................................................................................................................. 17
paper 3 - history of the americas............................................................................................. 17
overview.................................................................................................................................17
topics..................................................................................................................................... 17
outside information................................................................................................................ 17
,paper 1 - road to wwii
overview
(SEE PAPER 2 CAUSES OF WWII)
paper 2: authoritarian leaders, 20th century wars,
cold war
world war i
overview
world war i was a conflict from 1914 to 1919 mainly between the countries of germany,
austria-hungary, russia, great britain, france, serbia, and the ottoman empire. this conflict was
largely generated by tensions over land disputes, militarism, nationalism, and alliances.
primarily, the main conflict in wwi was generated over the balkan wars between serbia,
austria-hungary, macedonia, bulgaria, and greece. this conflict led to the assassination of
austrian archduke franz ferdinand, to which austria-hungary responded with their serbian
ultimatum. after serbia failed to meet their demands, austria declared war on serbia and
because of kaiser wilhelm’s blank check they also declared war on serbia. furthermore, an
alliance between serbia and russia then added russia into the conflict who had previously allied
against germany which france in the double entente. as a result, france entered the war along
with great britain–france already had high tensions with germany because of previous land
disputes with germany as created by the franco-prussian war and german unification by otto
von bismarck. germany then enacted their schlieffen plan–designed to conquer france quickly
and avoid a two-front war–however it soon failed. after this the war soon developed into a war
of attrition involving trench warfare which was very heavy on the soldiers (shell shock,
trench foot). this warfare led to the development of weaponry like tanks, machine guns,
british 18 pounders, airplanes, and german zeppelins. after years of trench warfare
alongside marine warfare the us later entered the war in 1917 after the sinking of the lusitania
and the zimmerman telegram was discovered. finally, the french pushed back against the
hindenburg line and destroyed the final german defense in france. concluding the war, the
paris peace conference of 1919 resulted in the creation of the treaty of versailles 1919 which
required that germany pay intense reparations, sign the war guilt clause, disarm, lose territory
(saarland, rhineland), and lose their overseas colonies. it also created the league of nations
and generally increased tensions throughout the world–particularly in italy, germany, japan, and
other colony nations.
,causes:
- franco prussian war: the franco prussian war occurred in 1871 and preceded wwi. it
unified germany and created a new power in europe
- militarism: when countries raised their army in fear of others raising their armies. this
led to heightened tensions
- arms race: heightened industrialization encouraged the development of other
weapons creating an arms race
- placed an economic toll on the countries to gain more colonies or use
natural resources
- naval race: when germany sought to create a navy that equaled britain, creating new
classes of naval warfare and strengthening both navies. the british felt threatened as a
result
- nationalism: a feeling of pride towards one’s own country, as a result nationalism
motivates imperialism leading to conflicts over disputed territories
- dual & triple alliance: a consanguineous alliance between germany and
austria-hungary. it later expanded to include italy and was anti triple entente
- reinsurance treaty: an agreement where germany and russia would remain neutral if
either one became involved in war. it however was not renewed when otto von bismarck
fell out of power which led to rising tensions between russia and germany
- as a result russia sought an alliance with france
- kaiser wilhelm ii: fired otto von bismarck and directly caused wwi, also issued the blank
check to austria and increased tensions in europe
- bismarck’s alliance system: ensured that germany was united through a system of
alliances between each of the states, strengthening germany
- dreikaiserbund/three emperors league 1873 (between germany,
austria-hungary and russia)
- dual alliance 1879 (austria-hungary, germany)
- three emperors alliance 1881 (germany, austria-hungary, russia)
- triple alliance 1882 (germany, austria-hungary, italy)
- weltpolitik: translates to world politics, the foreign policy during the reign of wilhelm ii. It
was their plan to establish international dominance, build a global empire, and increase
their naval power
- imperialism: made countries fight over territory, making the central powers engage in
war. they wanted this land to expand their borders and support their growing economies
- battle of poland (germany)
- scramble for africa (gb, germany, italy, france, spain, portugal)
- berlin conference: splitting of the continent between various powers
- alsace-lorraine (france, germany)
- franco-russian alliance 1894: aka the double entente, a non-aggressive pact used to
isolate germany.
- triple entente: alliance between gb, russia, and france. contributed heavily to the start of
wwi as germany felt threatened
, - balkan wars: when the balkan people wanted more political power and rights, heavy
discontent in serbia, bulgaria, greece, macedonia. also fueled by nationalism and
interference by the great powers.
- led to the assassination of archduke franz ferdinand of austria by serbian
terrorist group the black hand
- july crisis: in july 1914 when tensions increased in europe and made room for irrational
decisions
- german blank check: gave austria germany’s unconditional support in the conflict
between austria and serbia
- serbian ultimatum: provided unreasonable conditions that serbia had to meet after the
assassination of franz ferdinand
- russian mobilization: mobilization of the russian army, caused by the german
mobilization
elements of war:
- schlieffen plan: german plan to invade france and then russia, developed based on the
franco prussian war. failure of this led to the “race to the sea” and millions of deaths by
trench warfare
- trench warfare: new form of warfare that included digging massive trenches. created
because of improvements in war tech that allowed for war of attrition
- indirect fire: the gunners couldn’t see the targets so they shot where they
imagine the targets to be
- shell shock: mental state of the soldiers after witnessing wwi. created the lost
generation
- ernest hemingway, f. scott fitzgerald (who jfk is named after)
- trench foot: condition developed by soldiers after spending long times in the trenches
- war of attrition: wearing down the other opponent until they surrender, led to millions of
casualties on the western front and many more wounded
- machine gun: new weapon that mowed down hundreds of soldiers very quickly
- british 18 pounder
- poison gas: first used effectively by germany during wwi which gave countries new
methods of killing at a more efficient pace
- tanks: first used by the allied forces at the battle of the somme, good for getting out and
beyond trenches
- track vehicles
- eventually destroyed the hindenburg line (last line of german defense in france)
- submarines/u-boats: one reason why germany went to war, wanted to build their navy
and surpass the british navy. led to the sinking of the lusitania
- airplanes: allowed for reconnaissance and imaging of the enemy
- zeppelins: planes that allowed germans to photograph their enemy’s set up, some were
also armed
- battle of the somme: july 1 1916, offensive was led by british general douglas haig w/
aim to relieve the pressure on verdun
- first use of tanks
