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BST 322 Final Exam with accurate detailed answers

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BST 322 Final Exam with accurate detailed answers

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BST 322
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BST 322

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BST 322 Final Exam with accurate detailed ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




answers

Statistics - correct answer✔✔The most important goal of statistics is to infer an unknown
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




quantity (e.g., height of a species of plant) of an entire population of plants based on sample
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data (a subset of observations from the population)
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Population - correct answer✔✔Entire collection of individual units that share a property or ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




sets of properties from which you want to generalize knowledge about unknown quantities
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




(observations) based on a sub-set of individual units (sample). ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Parameter - correct answer✔✔a quantity describing a statistical population ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




estimate or statistic - correct answer✔✔a related quantity calculated from a sample.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Variable - correct answer✔✔any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




counted. Height, weight, age, gender, business income and expenses, country of birth,
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capital expenditure, class grades and eye color are examples of variables.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Observation units or Statistical units - correct answer✔✔the entity on which information is ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




logged (e.g., one individual lake trout). ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Observation - correct answer✔✔contains all the values for the variables of interest such as ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




the fork length and individual weight of an individual brook trout
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||

,Categorical variables (qualitative variables) - correct answer✔✔describe membership in a ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




category or group; characteristics of observations that do not have magnitude on a
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numerical scale ||/|\|||




nominal or ordinal ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Nominal - correct answer✔✔Survival (alive or dead) ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Method of disease transmission (e.g., water, air, animal vector)
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Eye colours (amber, blue, brown, gray, green, hazel, or red),
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Breed of a dog (e.g., collie, shepherd, terrier)
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Ordinal - correct answer✔✔Life stage (e.g., egg, larva, juvenile, adult)
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Snake bite severity score (e.g., minimal, moderate, severe),
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Size class (e.g., small, medium, large).
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Numerical Variables (Quantitative) - correct answer✔✔characteristics of observations have ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




magnitude on a numerical scale. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




continuous or discrete ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Continuous - correct answer✔✔(can take any real-number value) ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Core body temperature (e.g., degrees Celcius, oC)
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Territory size of a bird (e.g., hectares) ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Size of fish (e.g., cm),
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Discrete - correct answer✔✔(only take indivisible units) ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Age at death (e.g., years)
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||

,Number of amino acids in a protein, ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Number of eggs in a bird nest. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




statistical variables - correct answer✔✔variables are not based on their measuring units but ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




rather their types Arm length and leg length can be both measured in centimeters but they
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




are TWO different variables.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Random Sampling - correct answer✔✔two criteria: ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Every observational unit in the population have an equal chance of being included in the
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




sample.

The selection of observational units in the population must be independent.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




EQUAL CHANCE AND INDEPENDENT ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Random sampling minimizes bias of estimates in relation to a parameter ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Experimental Study - correct answer✔✔Researcher randomly assigns observational units ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




(fish individuals) to different groups (often called treatments; e.g., high/low protein diet)
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Observation Study - correct answer✔✔Researcher has no control over which observational ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




units fall into which groups. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Bar graph - correct answer✔✔Vertical or horizontal columns (bars) representing the
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




distribution of a numerical variable against one or more categorical variables ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Explainatory variable - correct answer✔✔predicts or affects the other variable, called the ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




response variable. ||/|\|||

, When conducting an experiment, the treatment variable (the one manipulated by the
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




researcher) is the explanatory variable ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




response variable - correct answer✔✔the explanatory variable, predicts or affects the other
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




variable, called the response variable. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




the measured effect of the treatment is the response variable.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




How many intervals (classes of abundance) should be used? - correct answer✔✔The
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




Sturges' rule: ||/|\|||




n.intervals=1+ln(n)/ln(2)



HISTOGRAM - correct answer✔✔are important because they describe shape of numerical ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




variables



the mode - correct answer✔✔is the interval corresponding to the highest peak in the
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




frequency distribution. A distribution is said bimodal when it has two dominant peaks ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




the skew - correct answer✔✔refers to asymmetry in the shape of a frequency distribution
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




for a numerical variable. (can be skewed left or right)
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




frequency distribution - correct answer✔✔is a representation either in a graphical or tabular ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




format, that displays the number of observations within a given internal of a quantitative
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




variable. (continuous or discrete) ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




intervals must be - correct answer✔✔mutually exclusive (each observation only belongs to
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




one interval) and exhaustive (all observations must be included), and the interval size
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||




depends on the data being analyzed and the goals of the analys ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||

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