HSS 3108 - Midterm 1 Questions and
Answers A+ Graded (2025)
Measures .of .health .and .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Health .promotion .relies
.on .strategies .that .improve .the .conditions .necessary .for .good .health .and .well-
being. .This .includes .proactive .efforts .to .prevent .disease, .manage .chronic
.conditions, .support .recovery .from .illness .or .injury .and .reduce .preventable
.deaths, .such .as .infant .mortality.
A .critical .perspective .on .global .health .changes .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-All
.government .systems .strive .to .maximize .health .outcomes .and .well-being .of .the
.population .in .an .effort .to .build .strong .human .capital .which .serves .as .an
.engine .for .socioeconomic .progress. .
- .During .the .last .few .decades, .growing .efforts .efforts .by .national .and
.international .actors .have .led .to .significant .improvements .in .life .expectancy,
.reduction .in .maternal .and .child .mortality .rates, .mass .immunization .programs
.(small .pox .and .polio). .
- .In .addition, .groundbreaking .advances .in .biotechnology .and .medicine .have
.brought .about .dramatic .changes .in .the .diagnosis, .treatment .and .management
.of .some .of .the .most .pressing .global .health .issues. .
Despite .these .remarkable .achievements, .global .health .stands .at .a .precarious
.juncture. .
- .The .increasing .global .burden .of .emerging .and .re-emerging .infectious
.diseases, .coupled .with .NCDs, .substance .use .and .mental .health .disorders,
.further .strains .the .fragile .health .systems, .particularly .in .the .LMICs. .
- .Increasing .frequency .of .natural .disasters .exacerbate .social .crises .through
.loss .of .agricultural .productivity, .livelihoods .and .access .to .clean .water .and
.sanitation. .
- .Growing .wealth .and .widening .disparities, .and .increasing .tension .between
.corporate .interests .and .public .health .and .environmental .priorities .call .for .a
.more .critical .and .comprehensive .approach .to .research .and .policy .action.
Given .the .global .and .interconnected .nature .of .the .challenges, .concerted .global
.action .is .required .to .tackle .them .with .the .aim .of .building .healthier .and .more
.resilient .communities .while .preventing .erosion .of .environmental, .social .and
.human .capital
,Understanding .health .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Health .and .disease .are .inherently
.complex .and .multifaceted .constructs .due .to .their .intricate .and .context-specific
.nature. .A .major .challenge .in .designing .effective .health .promotion .programs
.lies .in .the .difficulty .of .formulating .a .universally .applicable .definition. .The .latest
.definition .of .health .by .WHO .is .a .comprehensive .one .as .it .aptly .incorporates
.physical, .mental .and .social .dimensions .of .health .in .addition .to .the .mere
.absence .of .disease .or .infirmity.
- .Physical: .refers .to .the .maintenance .of .homeostasis .
- .Social: .involves .the .ability .to .have .satisfying .interpersonal .relationships, .and
.adapt .to .social .situations
- .Infirmity: .Underscores .the .importance .of .the .impact .of .age .or .health
.conditions .that .can .impact .physical .fitness, .such .as .an .individuals .ability .of
.self-care .activities .of .daily .living .to .live .a .healthy .life. .
While .this .definition .sounds .comprehensive .from .a .theoretical .perspective, .it
.fails .to .recognize .the .difficulties .that .arise .which .measuring .health .and .disease
.for .clinical .practice .and .public .health .programs. .
- .Conceptualizing .health .this .way .creates .confusion .around .whether .the .status
.of .complete .health .is .a .continuous .process, .or .an .outcome. .
- .The .current .concept .of .health .relies .on .subjective .assessment .of .health
.status.
One .Health .(model .of .health) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-One .health .is .the
.interconnectedness .of .animal, .human .and .environmental .health .and .working
.together .across .disciplines .to .combat .complex .health .problems. .
- .Based .on .the .understanding .that .the .health .of .humans, .animals .and .the
.environment .are .inextricably .linked. .
- .A .collaborative .and .transdisciplinary .approach .and .focuses .on .health .at .local,
.regional, .national .and .global .levels.
Human .populations .are .growing .and .expanding .into .new .geographic .areas, .as
.a .result, .more .people .live .in .close .contact .with .wild .and .domestic .animals. .
- .Animals .play .an .important .role .in .our .lives, .whether .for .food, .fiber,
.livelihoods, .travel, .sport, .education, .or .companionship. .
- .Close .contact .with .animals .and .their .environments .provides .more
.opportunities .for .diseases .to .pass .between .animals .and .people.
The .Health .Field .Concept .(health .model) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Health .field
.concept .envisages .that .the .health .field .can .be .broken .up .into .four .broad
.elements: .human .biology, .environment, .lifestyle .and .healthcare .organization. .
- .These .four .elements .were .identified .through .an .examination .of .the .causes
.and .underlying .factors .of .sickness .and .death .in .Canada, .and .from .an
.assessment .of .the .parts .the .elements .play .in .affecting .the .level .of .health .in
.canada.
Understanding .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Defined .as .a .pathological
.condition .of .a .bodily .part, .an .organism .or .system .resulting .from .various
.causes, .such .as .infection, .genetics .defect, .environmental .stress, .or .lifestyle
.factors, .which .leads .to .an .impairment .of .normal .functioning. .
, - .In .other .words, .disease .is .a .condition .that .affects .how .well .the .body
.functions .and .is .different .from .what .is .considered .normal .health. .
Similar .to .health, .perceptions .of .disease .is .also .influenced .by .diverse
.sociocultural .contexts .in .which .individuals .live. .
- .Since .culture .is .a .complex .and .dynamic .process, .what .is .considered .as
.health .or .disease .can .change .over .time.
Classification .of .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Diseases .can .be .classified .from
.various .perspectives; .
- .Based .on .root .causes .(genetic, .environmental .exposures, .infectious, .and
.lifestyle-related)
- .Classification .is .also .done .based .on .affected .organs .or .systems .(transmission
.mode, .and .pathophysiology)
* .However, .due .to .the .vast .number .of .existing .disease .and .their .multifactorial
.nature, .classification .systems .can .be .inaccurate. .To .this .end, .the .International
.Classification .of .Disease .(ICD11) .provides .standardized .system .of .codes .and
.categories .that .allows .healthcare .professionals .to .systematically .classify .and
.diagnose .disease .and .health .conditions. .
The .classification .also .aids .in .epidemiology .be .enabling .the .tracking .of .disease
.prevalence .and .incidence .over .time, .thus .contributing .to .a .better
.understanding .of .health .trends.
Morbidity, .comorbidity, .multimorbidity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Morbidity: .Refers
.to .the .state .of .having .a .specific .disease .or .medical .condition. .It .is .generally
.measured .in .terms .of .prevalence, .incidence .and .DALY.
Comorbidity: .refers .to .a .medical .condition .that .co-occurs .with .a .primary
.diagnosis, .aka. .index .condition. .The .same .individuals .can .experience .one .or
.more .comorbidities. .
- .Researchers .use .MeSH .terms .that .make .it .easier .to .differentiate .between
.index .conditions, .comorbid .conditions, .and .complications
Multimorbidity: .refers .to .the .presence .of .2+ .diseases .or .conditions .in .a .person
.without .considering .any .of .them .as .the .primary. .
- .MM .focuses .on .managing .all .conditions .as .equally .important .and .interrelated,
.while .in .comorbidity .the .treatment .tends .to .prioritize .the .primary .disease .and
.secondary .conditions .are .considered .in .relation .to .the .main .one.
Subjective .vs .objective .measures .of .health .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The
.subjective .measures .of .health .(self .rated .health, .SRH) .is .one .of .the .most
.commonly .used .measures .in .population .surveys. .
- .Subjective .health .is .strongly .correlated .with .physical .and .mental .health
.issues .and .functional .status .
Objective .health .measures .include .those .that .are .based .on .observable .and
.measurable .data .rather .than .subjective .assessments .or .personal .opinions.
Answers A+ Graded (2025)
Measures .of .health .and .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Health .promotion .relies
.on .strategies .that .improve .the .conditions .necessary .for .good .health .and .well-
being. .This .includes .proactive .efforts .to .prevent .disease, .manage .chronic
.conditions, .support .recovery .from .illness .or .injury .and .reduce .preventable
.deaths, .such .as .infant .mortality.
A .critical .perspective .on .global .health .changes .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-All
.government .systems .strive .to .maximize .health .outcomes .and .well-being .of .the
.population .in .an .effort .to .build .strong .human .capital .which .serves .as .an
.engine .for .socioeconomic .progress. .
- .During .the .last .few .decades, .growing .efforts .efforts .by .national .and
.international .actors .have .led .to .significant .improvements .in .life .expectancy,
.reduction .in .maternal .and .child .mortality .rates, .mass .immunization .programs
.(small .pox .and .polio). .
- .In .addition, .groundbreaking .advances .in .biotechnology .and .medicine .have
.brought .about .dramatic .changes .in .the .diagnosis, .treatment .and .management
.of .some .of .the .most .pressing .global .health .issues. .
Despite .these .remarkable .achievements, .global .health .stands .at .a .precarious
.juncture. .
- .The .increasing .global .burden .of .emerging .and .re-emerging .infectious
.diseases, .coupled .with .NCDs, .substance .use .and .mental .health .disorders,
.further .strains .the .fragile .health .systems, .particularly .in .the .LMICs. .
- .Increasing .frequency .of .natural .disasters .exacerbate .social .crises .through
.loss .of .agricultural .productivity, .livelihoods .and .access .to .clean .water .and
.sanitation. .
- .Growing .wealth .and .widening .disparities, .and .increasing .tension .between
.corporate .interests .and .public .health .and .environmental .priorities .call .for .a
.more .critical .and .comprehensive .approach .to .research .and .policy .action.
Given .the .global .and .interconnected .nature .of .the .challenges, .concerted .global
.action .is .required .to .tackle .them .with .the .aim .of .building .healthier .and .more
.resilient .communities .while .preventing .erosion .of .environmental, .social .and
.human .capital
,Understanding .health .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Health .and .disease .are .inherently
.complex .and .multifaceted .constructs .due .to .their .intricate .and .context-specific
.nature. .A .major .challenge .in .designing .effective .health .promotion .programs
.lies .in .the .difficulty .of .formulating .a .universally .applicable .definition. .The .latest
.definition .of .health .by .WHO .is .a .comprehensive .one .as .it .aptly .incorporates
.physical, .mental .and .social .dimensions .of .health .in .addition .to .the .mere
.absence .of .disease .or .infirmity.
- .Physical: .refers .to .the .maintenance .of .homeostasis .
- .Social: .involves .the .ability .to .have .satisfying .interpersonal .relationships, .and
.adapt .to .social .situations
- .Infirmity: .Underscores .the .importance .of .the .impact .of .age .or .health
.conditions .that .can .impact .physical .fitness, .such .as .an .individuals .ability .of
.self-care .activities .of .daily .living .to .live .a .healthy .life. .
While .this .definition .sounds .comprehensive .from .a .theoretical .perspective, .it
.fails .to .recognize .the .difficulties .that .arise .which .measuring .health .and .disease
.for .clinical .practice .and .public .health .programs. .
- .Conceptualizing .health .this .way .creates .confusion .around .whether .the .status
.of .complete .health .is .a .continuous .process, .or .an .outcome. .
- .The .current .concept .of .health .relies .on .subjective .assessment .of .health
.status.
One .Health .(model .of .health) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-One .health .is .the
.interconnectedness .of .animal, .human .and .environmental .health .and .working
.together .across .disciplines .to .combat .complex .health .problems. .
- .Based .on .the .understanding .that .the .health .of .humans, .animals .and .the
.environment .are .inextricably .linked. .
- .A .collaborative .and .transdisciplinary .approach .and .focuses .on .health .at .local,
.regional, .national .and .global .levels.
Human .populations .are .growing .and .expanding .into .new .geographic .areas, .as
.a .result, .more .people .live .in .close .contact .with .wild .and .domestic .animals. .
- .Animals .play .an .important .role .in .our .lives, .whether .for .food, .fiber,
.livelihoods, .travel, .sport, .education, .or .companionship. .
- .Close .contact .with .animals .and .their .environments .provides .more
.opportunities .for .diseases .to .pass .between .animals .and .people.
The .Health .Field .Concept .(health .model) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Health .field
.concept .envisages .that .the .health .field .can .be .broken .up .into .four .broad
.elements: .human .biology, .environment, .lifestyle .and .healthcare .organization. .
- .These .four .elements .were .identified .through .an .examination .of .the .causes
.and .underlying .factors .of .sickness .and .death .in .Canada, .and .from .an
.assessment .of .the .parts .the .elements .play .in .affecting .the .level .of .health .in
.canada.
Understanding .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Defined .as .a .pathological
.condition .of .a .bodily .part, .an .organism .or .system .resulting .from .various
.causes, .such .as .infection, .genetics .defect, .environmental .stress, .or .lifestyle
.factors, .which .leads .to .an .impairment .of .normal .functioning. .
, - .In .other .words, .disease .is .a .condition .that .affects .how .well .the .body
.functions .and .is .different .from .what .is .considered .normal .health. .
Similar .to .health, .perceptions .of .disease .is .also .influenced .by .diverse
.sociocultural .contexts .in .which .individuals .live. .
- .Since .culture .is .a .complex .and .dynamic .process, .what .is .considered .as
.health .or .disease .can .change .over .time.
Classification .of .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Diseases .can .be .classified .from
.various .perspectives; .
- .Based .on .root .causes .(genetic, .environmental .exposures, .infectious, .and
.lifestyle-related)
- .Classification .is .also .done .based .on .affected .organs .or .systems .(transmission
.mode, .and .pathophysiology)
* .However, .due .to .the .vast .number .of .existing .disease .and .their .multifactorial
.nature, .classification .systems .can .be .inaccurate. .To .this .end, .the .International
.Classification .of .Disease .(ICD11) .provides .standardized .system .of .codes .and
.categories .that .allows .healthcare .professionals .to .systematically .classify .and
.diagnose .disease .and .health .conditions. .
The .classification .also .aids .in .epidemiology .be .enabling .the .tracking .of .disease
.prevalence .and .incidence .over .time, .thus .contributing .to .a .better
.understanding .of .health .trends.
Morbidity, .comorbidity, .multimorbidity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Morbidity: .Refers
.to .the .state .of .having .a .specific .disease .or .medical .condition. .It .is .generally
.measured .in .terms .of .prevalence, .incidence .and .DALY.
Comorbidity: .refers .to .a .medical .condition .that .co-occurs .with .a .primary
.diagnosis, .aka. .index .condition. .The .same .individuals .can .experience .one .or
.more .comorbidities. .
- .Researchers .use .MeSH .terms .that .make .it .easier .to .differentiate .between
.index .conditions, .comorbid .conditions, .and .complications
Multimorbidity: .refers .to .the .presence .of .2+ .diseases .or .conditions .in .a .person
.without .considering .any .of .them .as .the .primary. .
- .MM .focuses .on .managing .all .conditions .as .equally .important .and .interrelated,
.while .in .comorbidity .the .treatment .tends .to .prioritize .the .primary .disease .and
.secondary .conditions .are .considered .in .relation .to .the .main .one.
Subjective .vs .objective .measures .of .health .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The
.subjective .measures .of .health .(self .rated .health, .SRH) .is .one .of .the .most
.commonly .used .measures .in .population .surveys. .
- .Subjective .health .is .strongly .correlated .with .physical .and .mental .health
.issues .and .functional .status .
Objective .health .measures .include .those .that .are .based .on .observable .and
.measurable .data .rather .than .subjective .assessments .or .personal .opinions.
