HSS 3108 - Midterm 2 Questions and
Answers A+ Graded (2025)
Demography .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Demography .is .the .scientific .study .of
.various .aspects .of .human .populations .including .the .structure, .distribution,
.density .and .trends
- .Understanding .the .age .structure, .birth .rates, .death .rates, .and .migration
.patterns .of .a .population .is .crucial .for .predicting .and .planning .or .future .health
.needs. .
- .Demographic .changes .often .coincide .with .epidemiological .transitions, .shifting
.disease .burdens .from .infectious .to .chronic .diseases .as .populations .age .and
.develop .economically
- .The .increasing .proportion .of .older .adults .in .many .countries .has .significant
.implications .for .healthcare .systems, .including .rising .demand .for .long-term .care
.and .management .of .chronic .conditions
Common .demographic .indicators .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Total .Fertility .Rate
.(TFR): .Indicates .the .average .number .of .children .a .woman .is .expected .to .have
.during .her .lifetime, .providing .insight .into .population .growth .trends. .
- .Life .expectancy .at .birth: .measures .the .average .number .of .years .a .newborn .is
.expected .to .live, .reflecting .overall .health .and .mortality .conditions .in .a
.population. .
- .Infant .mortality .rate .(IMR): .the .number .of .infant .deaths .(under .one .year) .per
.1000 .live .births, .a .critical .indicator .of .maternal .and .child .health
- .Population .growth .rate: .The .annual .percentage .change .in .a .population .size,
.providing .insights .into .trends .in .birth, .death, .and .migration .rates.
- .Dependency .ratio: .The .ratio .dependents .(young .and .elderly) .to .the .working-
age .population, .indicating .the .economy .burden .on .the .productive .segment .of
.society
Common .demographic .indicators .(pt.2) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Crude .birth .rate
.(CBR): .the .number .of .live .births .per .1000 .people .in .a .population .per .year,
.useful .for .assessing .population .and .growth .rates
- .Crude .death .rate .(CDR): .the .number .of .deaths .per .1000 .people .in .a .population
.per .year, .important .for .understanding .the .overall .health .and .mortality .trends .
,- .Net .migration .rate: .the .difference .between .the .number .of .immigrants .and
.emigrants .per .1000 .people .in .a .population, .indicating .population .movements
.and .changes .in .demographics
- .Sex .ratio: .the .ratio .of .males .to .females .in .a .given .population, .often .expressed
.as .males .per .100 .females, .important .for .understanding .gender .dynamics .within
.a .population .
- .Urbanization .rate: .the .percentage .of .the .population .living .in .urban .areas,
.illustrating .trends .in .migration .and .development, .affecting .socio-economic
.conditions.
Demographic .dividendss .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .demographic .dividend
.refers .to .the .potential .economic .growth .that .can .occur .when .a .country's
.population .structure .shifts, .resulting .in .a .larger .proportion .of .working-age
.individuals .relative .to .dependents.
- .As .countries .develop, .they .typically .experience .a .decline .in .both .birth .rates
.and .death .rates. .This .leads .to .a .temporary .period .where .the .working-age
.population .(15-64) .grows .faster .than .the .dependent .population .(children .and
.elderly)
- .This .shift .in .age .structure .can .create .favourable .conditions .for .economic
.growth, .as .there .are .more .potential .workers .and .fewer .dependents .to .support.
- .The .demographic .dividend .is .not .permanent. .As .the .population .continues .to
.age, .the .proportion .of .elderly .dependents .increases, .potentially .closing .the
.window .of .opportunity
- .Different .nations .experience .the .demographic .dividend .at .different .times .and
.to .varying .degrees, .depending .on .their .specific .demographic .transitions .and
.policy .environments.
Policy .approaches .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .dividend .isn't .automatic. .It's .a
.potential .for .growth .that .only .smart .policies .can .materialize. .Therefore,
.countries .must .invest .efficiently .during .this .period .to .reap .long-term .benefits.
.For .instance:
- .Investing .in .human .capital .through .education .and .skills .training
- .Creating .job .opportunities .for .the .growing .workforce
- .Promoting .gender .equality .and .women's .participation .in .the .labor .force
- .Encouraging .savings .and .investment.
Demographic .transition .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Demographic .changes .exert
.powerful .forces .on .health .and .well-being .within .and .between .urban .areas, .and
.create .new .needs .and .challenges .for .health .programming .in .all .cities .and
.regions
- .Drivers .of .DT .include .improvements .in .healthcare, .sanitation, .nutrition,
.education .and .economic .development .
- .Countries .progress .through .the .stages .at .different .rates. .Some .may .skip
.stages .or .experience .them .differently
- .Most .developed .countries .are .currently .in .Stage .4. .Many .developing .countries
.are .in .Stage .2 .or .3
, Demographic .transition .model .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-...
Demographic .transition: .stage .1 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .High .stationary
.(population .stays .about .the .same)
- .Lots .of .babies .are .born, .but .lots .of .people .die .too
- .Eg. .Medieval .Europe: .high .birth .rates .because .no .birth .control
High .death .rates .because:
- .Widespread .poverty, .lack .of .access .to .clean .water .and .sanitation
- .Inadequate .health .services
Demographic .transition: .stage .2 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Early .expanding
.(population .starts .growing .fast)
- .Still .lots .of .babies, .but .fewer .people .dying .
- .Eg. .England .in .the .1800's
* .Birth .rates .still .high
* .Death .drop .because:
.- .Better .food .supply,
.- .Improved .sanitation .
.- .Basic .healthcare
Demographic .transition: .stage .3 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Late .expanding.
.Population .still .growing .but .slower
- .Still .lots .of .babies .but .fewer .people .dying .
- .Eg. .Modern .day .India
* .Birth .rates .falling .constantly .because .of:
.- .Increased .literacy .rate
.- .Women .empowerment .
.- .Access .to .birth .control .
* .Death .rate .keeps .falling
Demographic .transition: .Stage .4 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Low .stationary:
.population .growth .is .stable
- .Few .babies .born, .few .people .dying .
- .Eg. .Modern .day .USA
* .Birth .rates .falling .drastically .because .of:
.- .High .cost .of .raising .children
.- .Focus .on .careers
.- .Widely .available .family .planning .methods
* .Low .death .rates .due .to .good .health .care
Demographic .transition: .stage .5 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Very .few .babies .are
.born, .slightly .more .people .dying .
- .Population .shrinking
- .Eg. .Modern .day .Japan
* .Birth .rates .very .low .because .of:
.- .High .cost .of .living
.- .High .educational .levels
Answers A+ Graded (2025)
Demography .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Demography .is .the .scientific .study .of
.various .aspects .of .human .populations .including .the .structure, .distribution,
.density .and .trends
- .Understanding .the .age .structure, .birth .rates, .death .rates, .and .migration
.patterns .of .a .population .is .crucial .for .predicting .and .planning .or .future .health
.needs. .
- .Demographic .changes .often .coincide .with .epidemiological .transitions, .shifting
.disease .burdens .from .infectious .to .chronic .diseases .as .populations .age .and
.develop .economically
- .The .increasing .proportion .of .older .adults .in .many .countries .has .significant
.implications .for .healthcare .systems, .including .rising .demand .for .long-term .care
.and .management .of .chronic .conditions
Common .demographic .indicators .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Total .Fertility .Rate
.(TFR): .Indicates .the .average .number .of .children .a .woman .is .expected .to .have
.during .her .lifetime, .providing .insight .into .population .growth .trends. .
- .Life .expectancy .at .birth: .measures .the .average .number .of .years .a .newborn .is
.expected .to .live, .reflecting .overall .health .and .mortality .conditions .in .a
.population. .
- .Infant .mortality .rate .(IMR): .the .number .of .infant .deaths .(under .one .year) .per
.1000 .live .births, .a .critical .indicator .of .maternal .and .child .health
- .Population .growth .rate: .The .annual .percentage .change .in .a .population .size,
.providing .insights .into .trends .in .birth, .death, .and .migration .rates.
- .Dependency .ratio: .The .ratio .dependents .(young .and .elderly) .to .the .working-
age .population, .indicating .the .economy .burden .on .the .productive .segment .of
.society
Common .demographic .indicators .(pt.2) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Crude .birth .rate
.(CBR): .the .number .of .live .births .per .1000 .people .in .a .population .per .year,
.useful .for .assessing .population .and .growth .rates
- .Crude .death .rate .(CDR): .the .number .of .deaths .per .1000 .people .in .a .population
.per .year, .important .for .understanding .the .overall .health .and .mortality .trends .
,- .Net .migration .rate: .the .difference .between .the .number .of .immigrants .and
.emigrants .per .1000 .people .in .a .population, .indicating .population .movements
.and .changes .in .demographics
- .Sex .ratio: .the .ratio .of .males .to .females .in .a .given .population, .often .expressed
.as .males .per .100 .females, .important .for .understanding .gender .dynamics .within
.a .population .
- .Urbanization .rate: .the .percentage .of .the .population .living .in .urban .areas,
.illustrating .trends .in .migration .and .development, .affecting .socio-economic
.conditions.
Demographic .dividendss .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .demographic .dividend
.refers .to .the .potential .economic .growth .that .can .occur .when .a .country's
.population .structure .shifts, .resulting .in .a .larger .proportion .of .working-age
.individuals .relative .to .dependents.
- .As .countries .develop, .they .typically .experience .a .decline .in .both .birth .rates
.and .death .rates. .This .leads .to .a .temporary .period .where .the .working-age
.population .(15-64) .grows .faster .than .the .dependent .population .(children .and
.elderly)
- .This .shift .in .age .structure .can .create .favourable .conditions .for .economic
.growth, .as .there .are .more .potential .workers .and .fewer .dependents .to .support.
- .The .demographic .dividend .is .not .permanent. .As .the .population .continues .to
.age, .the .proportion .of .elderly .dependents .increases, .potentially .closing .the
.window .of .opportunity
- .Different .nations .experience .the .demographic .dividend .at .different .times .and
.to .varying .degrees, .depending .on .their .specific .demographic .transitions .and
.policy .environments.
Policy .approaches .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .dividend .isn't .automatic. .It's .a
.potential .for .growth .that .only .smart .policies .can .materialize. .Therefore,
.countries .must .invest .efficiently .during .this .period .to .reap .long-term .benefits.
.For .instance:
- .Investing .in .human .capital .through .education .and .skills .training
- .Creating .job .opportunities .for .the .growing .workforce
- .Promoting .gender .equality .and .women's .participation .in .the .labor .force
- .Encouraging .savings .and .investment.
Demographic .transition .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Demographic .changes .exert
.powerful .forces .on .health .and .well-being .within .and .between .urban .areas, .and
.create .new .needs .and .challenges .for .health .programming .in .all .cities .and
.regions
- .Drivers .of .DT .include .improvements .in .healthcare, .sanitation, .nutrition,
.education .and .economic .development .
- .Countries .progress .through .the .stages .at .different .rates. .Some .may .skip
.stages .or .experience .them .differently
- .Most .developed .countries .are .currently .in .Stage .4. .Many .developing .countries
.are .in .Stage .2 .or .3
, Demographic .transition .model .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-...
Demographic .transition: .stage .1 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .High .stationary
.(population .stays .about .the .same)
- .Lots .of .babies .are .born, .but .lots .of .people .die .too
- .Eg. .Medieval .Europe: .high .birth .rates .because .no .birth .control
High .death .rates .because:
- .Widespread .poverty, .lack .of .access .to .clean .water .and .sanitation
- .Inadequate .health .services
Demographic .transition: .stage .2 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Early .expanding
.(population .starts .growing .fast)
- .Still .lots .of .babies, .but .fewer .people .dying .
- .Eg. .England .in .the .1800's
* .Birth .rates .still .high
* .Death .drop .because:
.- .Better .food .supply,
.- .Improved .sanitation .
.- .Basic .healthcare
Demographic .transition: .stage .3 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Late .expanding.
.Population .still .growing .but .slower
- .Still .lots .of .babies .but .fewer .people .dying .
- .Eg. .Modern .day .India
* .Birth .rates .falling .constantly .because .of:
.- .Increased .literacy .rate
.- .Women .empowerment .
.- .Access .to .birth .control .
* .Death .rate .keeps .falling
Demographic .transition: .Stage .4 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Low .stationary:
.population .growth .is .stable
- .Few .babies .born, .few .people .dying .
- .Eg. .Modern .day .USA
* .Birth .rates .falling .drastically .because .of:
.- .High .cost .of .raising .children
.- .Focus .on .careers
.- .Widely .available .family .planning .methods
* .Low .death .rates .due .to .good .health .care
Demographic .transition: .stage .5 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Very .few .babies .are
.born, .slightly .more .people .dying .
- .Population .shrinking
- .Eg. .Modern .day .Japan
* .Birth .rates .very .low .because .of:
.- .High .cost .of .living
.- .High .educational .levels
