NRS 230 Study Guide: Foundational
Nursing Concepts OA Exam
Questions with Correct Answers
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2025/2026 Version||100%
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Unit 1: Nursing Profession & Theory
1. What is the primary focus of the nursing profession?
ANSWER ✓ The primary focus is to protect, promote, and optimize health and abilities;
prevent illness and injury; alleviate suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of
human response; and advocate for individuals, families, communities, and populations.
2. Who is considered the founder of modern nursing?
ANSWER ✓ Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing. She
established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration.
3. What are the four main concepts common to all nursing theories (the
metaparadigm)?
ANSWER ✓ The four concepts are: Person (the recipient of care), Environment (the
internal and external surroundings), Health (the degree of wellness or illness),
and Nursing (the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse).
4. What is the difference between a medical diagnosis and a nursing diagnosis?
ANSWER ✓ A medical diagnosis identifies a specific disease or pathology (e.g.,
Pneumonia). A nursing diagnosis describes the human response to an actual or
potential health problem (e.g., Impaired Gas Exchange).
, 5. Define "evidence-based practice" (EBP) in nursing.
ANSWER ✓ EBP is the conscientious integration of the best current research evidence
with clinical expertise and patient values and preferences to guide clinical decision-
making for optimal patient care.
Unit 2: Nursing Process & Critical Thinking
6. What are the five steps of the nursing process?
ANSWER ✓ The five steps are: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation,
and Evaluation (ADPIE).
7. In which phase of the nursing process does the nurse collect and analyze data?
ANSWER ✓ This occurs during the Assessment phase.
8. What is the purpose of the diagnosis phase?
ANSWER ✓ The purpose is to identify and formulate a nursing diagnosis that represents
the patient's actual or potential health problems and strengths based on the assessment
data.
9. What is a SMART goal in the planning phase?
ANSWER ✓ A SMART goal is Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-
bound. It provides clear direction for patient care.
10. What is the difference between independent, dependent, and collaborative
nursing interventions?
ANSWER ✓ Independent interventions are actions a nurse can initiate without a
provider's order (e.g., turning a patient). Dependent interventions require a provider's
order (e.g., administering medication). Collaborative interventions are actions
performed with other healthcare team members (e.g., physical therapy).
11. What happens during the evaluation phase?
ANSWER ✓ The nurse determines if the patient goals were met, examines the
Nursing Concepts OA Exam
Questions with Correct Answers
Already Graded A+ Updated
2025/2026 Version||100%
Guaranteed Pass!!!
Unit 1: Nursing Profession & Theory
1. What is the primary focus of the nursing profession?
ANSWER ✓ The primary focus is to protect, promote, and optimize health and abilities;
prevent illness and injury; alleviate suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of
human response; and advocate for individuals, families, communities, and populations.
2. Who is considered the founder of modern nursing?
ANSWER ✓ Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing. She
established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration.
3. What are the four main concepts common to all nursing theories (the
metaparadigm)?
ANSWER ✓ The four concepts are: Person (the recipient of care), Environment (the
internal and external surroundings), Health (the degree of wellness or illness),
and Nursing (the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse).
4. What is the difference between a medical diagnosis and a nursing diagnosis?
ANSWER ✓ A medical diagnosis identifies a specific disease or pathology (e.g.,
Pneumonia). A nursing diagnosis describes the human response to an actual or
potential health problem (e.g., Impaired Gas Exchange).
, 5. Define "evidence-based practice" (EBP) in nursing.
ANSWER ✓ EBP is the conscientious integration of the best current research evidence
with clinical expertise and patient values and preferences to guide clinical decision-
making for optimal patient care.
Unit 2: Nursing Process & Critical Thinking
6. What are the five steps of the nursing process?
ANSWER ✓ The five steps are: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation,
and Evaluation (ADPIE).
7. In which phase of the nursing process does the nurse collect and analyze data?
ANSWER ✓ This occurs during the Assessment phase.
8. What is the purpose of the diagnosis phase?
ANSWER ✓ The purpose is to identify and formulate a nursing diagnosis that represents
the patient's actual or potential health problems and strengths based on the assessment
data.
9. What is a SMART goal in the planning phase?
ANSWER ✓ A SMART goal is Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-
bound. It provides clear direction for patient care.
10. What is the difference between independent, dependent, and collaborative
nursing interventions?
ANSWER ✓ Independent interventions are actions a nurse can initiate without a
provider's order (e.g., turning a patient). Dependent interventions require a provider's
order (e.g., administering medication). Collaborative interventions are actions
performed with other healthcare team members (e.g., physical therapy).
11. What happens during the evaluation phase?
ANSWER ✓ The nurse determines if the patient goals were met, examines the
