Summary General organic chemistry

1. Inductive Effect (I-effect) Electron-withdrawing or donating through sigma bond +I and –I groups 2. Resonance (Mesomeric Effect / M-effect) Delocalization of π-electrons Resonating structures +M and –M groups Resonance stability 3. Electromeric Effect (E-effect) Temporary shift of electrons under the influence of an attacking reagent +E and –E effect 4. Hyperconjugation Delocalization involving σ-electrons (especially C-H adjacent to double bond or carbocation) 5. Carbocation Positively charged carbon Stability order: 3° 2° 1° methyl Rearrangement (hydride/alkyl shift) 6. Carbanion Negatively charged carbon Stability: methyl 1° 2° 3° 7. Free Radical Unpaired electron species Stability: 3° 2° 1° methyl 8. Nucleophile Electron-rich species Donates lone pair e.g., OH⁻, NH₃, CN