NLN-PAX Science Exam Prep 2025/2026 –
100% Verified Questions & Answers |
Complete Biology, Cells, Evolution & Ecology
Review. 442 Q&A.
Cell
the smallest living unit and the basic unit of function and structure for all living things.
Nucleus
contains the genetic information, or DNA, and controls the activities of the cell.
Plasma (cell) membrane
separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding fluid (interstitial fluid)
Semipermeable membrane
refers to the selective nature of the plasma membrane. It contains pores and channels that
allow only particles of the right size or the right chemical nature to pass through.
Interstitial fluide
contains substances such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, hormones, neurotransmitters, and
salts.
Cytoplasm
is the fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that acts as scaffolding
for the organelles.
Organelles
(little organs) are specialized units in the cell that per form certain functions.
Mitochondria
are the locations for cellular respiration, that is, the conversion of food to energy at the cellular
level. The site of energy production and of most of its ATP.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
the chemical the cell uses to store and transfer energy within itself.
,Ribosomes
are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes are attached. Serves as a means for transport within the cell and is made up of many
channels. Rough endoplasmic reticulum named for the fact that it has ribosomes on its surface,
serves to store and deliver the proteins made by the attached ribosomes. Smooth ER is free of
ribosomes it performs varying functions in different cells, including the storage of enzymes and
minerals and the folding of proteins, among other things. It is thought to be involved in the
detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats.
Golgi complex
modifies and packages proteins destined for use in the cell or for export from the cell.
Lysosomes
are sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes. These sacs are responsible for digesting cell
structures that are no longer living or that are malfunctioning, and for digesting waste.
Cell wall
Only plant cells have them. It is responsible for the protection of the cell, the maintenance of
the shape, and water balance.
Chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis.
Vacuoles
plant cells also often large ones. Which are compartments in the cytoplasm that act as places
for secretion, excretion, and storage.
Chromatin
DNA is in this loosely structured form when it is not dividing
Chromosomes
DNA is seen in condensed rod-shaped bodies when the cell is dividing
Mitosis
When cells divide, the appropriate amount of genetic material must be passed on to the new, or
so-called daughter, cells. In somatic (non reproductive) cells, the new cells are identical copies
,of the parent cells. This is achieved by a doubling of the chromosomes prior to division. It is
useful in the growth and repair of our bodies.
Zygote
the cell created by the union of a sperm and egg contains a full set of chromosomes, half from
each parent.
Meiosis
Another type of division takes place in the production of gametes. It contains half of the normal
number of chromosomes. It consists first of doubling of chromosomes and then two
subsequent divisions. Thus the products are four daughter cells, each with half the normal
number of chromosomes.
Muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Epithelial tissue
skin, the lining of organs
Nervous tissue
neurons
Connective tissue
cartilage, blood, fat, bone
Organ
performs a specialized function in the body.
Organ system
made up of a number of organs working together to carry out a major function.
Organism
the highest level of organization such as the human body
Evolution
is a theory regarding the processes that have produced the biological diversity we see today.
Natural selection
, the process by which the traits that promote or enhance an organism's ability to survive and
reproduce are passed on to following generations.
Adaptation
For natural selection to occur, organisms must have variations, some of which give the
individuals having them an advantage in the struggle for survival. The struggle for survival
occurs because each generation of a species produces more offspring than can survive. In this
struggle, the individuals best suited to their environment survive ("survival of the fittest") and
pass on the traits to their offspring
Fossil record
consists of remnants or traces of organisms from past geologic ages.
Vertebrates
animals with backbones
Biogeography
the geographical distribution of plants and animals
Comparative anatomy
the comparison of organisms' structures
Comparative embryology
the comparison of organisms' embryos
Molecular biology
biology at the molecular level
Taxonomy
the study of scientific classification. Species are grouped according to their similarities and
differences.
King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Kingdom
animal, plant, monera, protist, and fungi
Monera
100% Verified Questions & Answers |
Complete Biology, Cells, Evolution & Ecology
Review. 442 Q&A.
Cell
the smallest living unit and the basic unit of function and structure for all living things.
Nucleus
contains the genetic information, or DNA, and controls the activities of the cell.
Plasma (cell) membrane
separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding fluid (interstitial fluid)
Semipermeable membrane
refers to the selective nature of the plasma membrane. It contains pores and channels that
allow only particles of the right size or the right chemical nature to pass through.
Interstitial fluide
contains substances such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, hormones, neurotransmitters, and
salts.
Cytoplasm
is the fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that acts as scaffolding
for the organelles.
Organelles
(little organs) are specialized units in the cell that per form certain functions.
Mitochondria
are the locations for cellular respiration, that is, the conversion of food to energy at the cellular
level. The site of energy production and of most of its ATP.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
the chemical the cell uses to store and transfer energy within itself.
,Ribosomes
are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes are attached. Serves as a means for transport within the cell and is made up of many
channels. Rough endoplasmic reticulum named for the fact that it has ribosomes on its surface,
serves to store and deliver the proteins made by the attached ribosomes. Smooth ER is free of
ribosomes it performs varying functions in different cells, including the storage of enzymes and
minerals and the folding of proteins, among other things. It is thought to be involved in the
detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats.
Golgi complex
modifies and packages proteins destined for use in the cell or for export from the cell.
Lysosomes
are sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes. These sacs are responsible for digesting cell
structures that are no longer living or that are malfunctioning, and for digesting waste.
Cell wall
Only plant cells have them. It is responsible for the protection of the cell, the maintenance of
the shape, and water balance.
Chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis.
Vacuoles
plant cells also often large ones. Which are compartments in the cytoplasm that act as places
for secretion, excretion, and storage.
Chromatin
DNA is in this loosely structured form when it is not dividing
Chromosomes
DNA is seen in condensed rod-shaped bodies when the cell is dividing
Mitosis
When cells divide, the appropriate amount of genetic material must be passed on to the new, or
so-called daughter, cells. In somatic (non reproductive) cells, the new cells are identical copies
,of the parent cells. This is achieved by a doubling of the chromosomes prior to division. It is
useful in the growth and repair of our bodies.
Zygote
the cell created by the union of a sperm and egg contains a full set of chromosomes, half from
each parent.
Meiosis
Another type of division takes place in the production of gametes. It contains half of the normal
number of chromosomes. It consists first of doubling of chromosomes and then two
subsequent divisions. Thus the products are four daughter cells, each with half the normal
number of chromosomes.
Muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Epithelial tissue
skin, the lining of organs
Nervous tissue
neurons
Connective tissue
cartilage, blood, fat, bone
Organ
performs a specialized function in the body.
Organ system
made up of a number of organs working together to carry out a major function.
Organism
the highest level of organization such as the human body
Evolution
is a theory regarding the processes that have produced the biological diversity we see today.
Natural selection
, the process by which the traits that promote or enhance an organism's ability to survive and
reproduce are passed on to following generations.
Adaptation
For natural selection to occur, organisms must have variations, some of which give the
individuals having them an advantage in the struggle for survival. The struggle for survival
occurs because each generation of a species produces more offspring than can survive. In this
struggle, the individuals best suited to their environment survive ("survival of the fittest") and
pass on the traits to their offspring
Fossil record
consists of remnants or traces of organisms from past geologic ages.
Vertebrates
animals with backbones
Biogeography
the geographical distribution of plants and animals
Comparative anatomy
the comparison of organisms' structures
Comparative embryology
the comparison of organisms' embryos
Molecular biology
biology at the molecular level
Taxonomy
the study of scientific classification. Species are grouped according to their similarities and
differences.
King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Kingdom
animal, plant, monera, protist, and fungi
Monera
