History of Mexico Midterm Exam
Questions and Answers
"Lo Mexicano" - answer--traditions have endured, the mixture of indigenous with the
Spanish traditions
Joel Poinsett - answer--19th century ambassador to Mexico, 1st US diplomat in
South America
-19th century "liberal perspective"
-noticed that Mexico was dysfunctional
-voice of a foreigner
"They started from a period nearer to the age of Charles the fifth, and it is even a
matter of some doubt whether this nation had advanced one step in knowledge and
civilization, from the time of the conquest to the moment of declaring themselves
independent."
Jose Vasconcelos - answer--Mexican Revolutionary
-Educational leader
Minister of Education, 1920s
-Patron of Diego Rivera on Behalf of the Mexican Government
-Subverts racial theory
-"Cosmic Race" (1925)
-integrative race, resists holding up US as a model
-"What is going to emerge out there is the definitive race, the synthetical race, the
integral race, made up of the genius and the blood of all peoples and, for that
reason, more capable of true brotherhood and of a universal vision . . ."
Alma Guillermoprieto - answer--Contemporary journalist/essayist
-Reportage of Latin America for U.S. Newspapers
-Written around the Passage of NAFTA
-resilience... Mexican culture will endure
-"Tijuana reigns as the world capital of Spanglish, shantytowns, and revolting
souvenirs, yet, despite it all, remains completely Mexican."
Miguel Hidalgo y Castillo - answer--part of the regular clergy
-creole
-Lived in Guanajuato
-lived a lavish lifesty (liked to party, gamble, liked women, etc.)
-paternal attitude toward Indians (learned their language, taught them crafts)
-conspired with several creole officials against the Spanish government
-launched an attempt to claim power for the people not through creole
representatives, but the natives themselves (masses)
-"Death to the Spaniards! Long live the Virgin of Guadalupe!"
-welcomed anyone who wanted to be in the army
-opens jails, frees prisoners, sacks houses of Spanish and creoles
-Can't tell between Creoles and Peninsulares
-executed near Mexico city. Head placed on display
, Hidalgo's Methods - answer--Class warfare, racial vengeance
-you can kill the body but not the spirit of revolution
-rioting and revolution
-disorganized
Hidalgo's Objectives - answer-achieve a "sacred liberty" (Aldama: one of Hidalgo's
creole followers and lieutenant, in Krauze book)
-defending religion
Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon - answer--student of Father Hidalgo
-mestizo: Afro-Mexican
-humble beginnings, grew up on a farm, became a priest
-studied Prussian military tactics
-Constitution of Chilpancingo: freedom of contract, freedom of movement, no taxes,
end of caste system, no religious freedom (Catholic Church)
-made the Congress of Chilpancingo
-wanted to transfer government power from Europeans to Creoles
-wanted Mexico to be like the US but Catholic
worried that if Mexico would have stayed under Spanish control, their religion would
become extinct
-believed that people could move up in the caste system with either the priesthood or
military.
-decided to become a priest
"Morelos was a very different person from Hidalgo. He drew inspiration from
Prussia's Frederick the Great, and above all, from his own practical skills" -Krauze
-executed by firing squad (8 bullets)
Morelos Methods - answer--"thousands of properly trained, uniformed and organized
men was much more effective than that of an erratic, frenetic, and amorphous mass"
- from Krauze
-pulled method's from Prussian military tactics
-Wants to convoke a Congress, receives support from Hidalgo
-Congress of Anahuac: Issues a constitution
-Virgin de Guadalupe as a symbol of revolt: Allowed them to declare independence
without separating themselves from the church
Morelos Objectives - answer-Constitution of Chilpancingo: based on the French
Revolution, but with Catholic Church
-Republican ideals a la Mexicana
-build a nation that brings out sacred and secular for Mexicans
- in the Congress of Chilpancingo. Mexico formally declared itself to be independent
of Spain and what was later to become the first national constitution was ratified
Augustin de Iturbide - answer--creole military officer
-Fought against Hidalgo, brought Morelos to judgment in 1813-cruel to prisoners and
traitors
-In 1821, makes compromise with Gerero, last leader of the insurgence (Agreement
preserves the church in the face of liberal Spanish institutions)
-agrees to the Plan of Iguala
Questions and Answers
"Lo Mexicano" - answer--traditions have endured, the mixture of indigenous with the
Spanish traditions
Joel Poinsett - answer--19th century ambassador to Mexico, 1st US diplomat in
South America
-19th century "liberal perspective"
-noticed that Mexico was dysfunctional
-voice of a foreigner
"They started from a period nearer to the age of Charles the fifth, and it is even a
matter of some doubt whether this nation had advanced one step in knowledge and
civilization, from the time of the conquest to the moment of declaring themselves
independent."
Jose Vasconcelos - answer--Mexican Revolutionary
-Educational leader
Minister of Education, 1920s
-Patron of Diego Rivera on Behalf of the Mexican Government
-Subverts racial theory
-"Cosmic Race" (1925)
-integrative race, resists holding up US as a model
-"What is going to emerge out there is the definitive race, the synthetical race, the
integral race, made up of the genius and the blood of all peoples and, for that
reason, more capable of true brotherhood and of a universal vision . . ."
Alma Guillermoprieto - answer--Contemporary journalist/essayist
-Reportage of Latin America for U.S. Newspapers
-Written around the Passage of NAFTA
-resilience... Mexican culture will endure
-"Tijuana reigns as the world capital of Spanglish, shantytowns, and revolting
souvenirs, yet, despite it all, remains completely Mexican."
Miguel Hidalgo y Castillo - answer--part of the regular clergy
-creole
-Lived in Guanajuato
-lived a lavish lifesty (liked to party, gamble, liked women, etc.)
-paternal attitude toward Indians (learned their language, taught them crafts)
-conspired with several creole officials against the Spanish government
-launched an attempt to claim power for the people not through creole
representatives, but the natives themselves (masses)
-"Death to the Spaniards! Long live the Virgin of Guadalupe!"
-welcomed anyone who wanted to be in the army
-opens jails, frees prisoners, sacks houses of Spanish and creoles
-Can't tell between Creoles and Peninsulares
-executed near Mexico city. Head placed on display
, Hidalgo's Methods - answer--Class warfare, racial vengeance
-you can kill the body but not the spirit of revolution
-rioting and revolution
-disorganized
Hidalgo's Objectives - answer-achieve a "sacred liberty" (Aldama: one of Hidalgo's
creole followers and lieutenant, in Krauze book)
-defending religion
Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon - answer--student of Father Hidalgo
-mestizo: Afro-Mexican
-humble beginnings, grew up on a farm, became a priest
-studied Prussian military tactics
-Constitution of Chilpancingo: freedom of contract, freedom of movement, no taxes,
end of caste system, no religious freedom (Catholic Church)
-made the Congress of Chilpancingo
-wanted to transfer government power from Europeans to Creoles
-wanted Mexico to be like the US but Catholic
worried that if Mexico would have stayed under Spanish control, their religion would
become extinct
-believed that people could move up in the caste system with either the priesthood or
military.
-decided to become a priest
"Morelos was a very different person from Hidalgo. He drew inspiration from
Prussia's Frederick the Great, and above all, from his own practical skills" -Krauze
-executed by firing squad (8 bullets)
Morelos Methods - answer--"thousands of properly trained, uniformed and organized
men was much more effective than that of an erratic, frenetic, and amorphous mass"
- from Krauze
-pulled method's from Prussian military tactics
-Wants to convoke a Congress, receives support from Hidalgo
-Congress of Anahuac: Issues a constitution
-Virgin de Guadalupe as a symbol of revolt: Allowed them to declare independence
without separating themselves from the church
Morelos Objectives - answer-Constitution of Chilpancingo: based on the French
Revolution, but with Catholic Church
-Republican ideals a la Mexicana
-build a nation that brings out sacred and secular for Mexicans
- in the Congress of Chilpancingo. Mexico formally declared itself to be independent
of Spain and what was later to become the first national constitution was ratified
Augustin de Iturbide - answer--creole military officer
-Fought against Hidalgo, brought Morelos to judgment in 1813-cruel to prisoners and
traitors
-In 1821, makes compromise with Gerero, last leader of the insurgence (Agreement
preserves the church in the face of liberal Spanish institutions)
-agrees to the Plan of Iguala
