,TESTBANK for Evidence-Based Practice in Sport
and Exercise A Practitioner's Guide to Using
Research Brent L. Arnold
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
,Chapter 1. What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which of the following shows the correct levels of evidence from the least strong research to the
strongest?
A. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized
controlled trial, all-or-none, systematic review of cohort studies, individual cohort
study, outcome research, systematic review of case-control studies, single-case
control study, case series, expert opinion and bench research
B. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized
controlled trial, systematic review of cohort studies, individual cohort study, all-or-
none, outcome research, systematic review of case-control studies, single-case
control study, case series, expert opinion and bench research
C. Expert opinion and bench research, case series, single-case control study,
systematic review of case-control studies, outcomes research, individual cohort
study, systematic review of cohort studies, all-or-none, individual randomized
controlled trial, systematic review of randomized controlled trials
D. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized
controlled trial, all-or-none, outcomes research, systematic review of cohort
studies, individual cohort study, outcome research, systematic review of case-
control studies, single-case control study, case series, expert opinion and bench
research
____ 2. Which is NOT true about cohort studies?
A. Cohort studies are research designs that do not manipulate a treatment.
B. Cohorts are recruited into the study based on whether individuals have been
exposed to a disease risk factor.
C. Cohort studies can establish a true cause and effect.
D. Cohort studies can be retrospective and prospective.
____ 3. A systematic review is defined as:
A. a systematic compilation of proposed randomized controlled studies to prioritize
which study will provide the highest level of evidence.
B. a systematic compilation of randomized controlled studies to identify a common
outcome.
C. a systematic compilation of existing research studies with the goal of producing the
results into one research finding.
D. a systematic compilation of existing research studies with the goal of producing
one outcome.
____ 4. What is the main shortcoming of a critically appraised topic (CAT) when it comes to levels of
evidence?
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
, A. The critically appraised topic professionally summarizes only one research study.
B. The critically appraised topic focuses on a single clinical question.
C. The critically appraised topic is short and geared toward practitioners.
D. The critically appraised topic is usually not thoroughly reviewed.
____ 5. Which is NOT a criterion that the strength of recommendation taxonomy emphasizes for groups of
studies?
A. Validity
B. Quantity
C. Applicability
D. Reliability
____ 6. How is evidence-based practice different from evidence-based medicine?
A. Evidence-based practice focuses on data, rather than anecdote, intuition, or belief.
B. Evidence-based practice focuses on applying data to practice.
C. Evidence-based practice focuses on patient-oriented measures.
D. Evidence-based practice focuses on systematic reviews for evidence.
____ 7. Which is NOT a reason why a systematic review is the highest sublevel in levels 1, 2, and 3 in the
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine’s evidence pyramid?
A. Systematic reviews are considered unfiltered information.
B. Systematic reviews use existing research studies and compile them into a single
research finding.
C. Systematic reviews often systematically compile and synthesize primary studies.
D. Systematic reviews are considered secondary studies.
____ 8. What is the order from strongest category to least strong category in the levels of the evidence-based
pyramid?
A. Case series, single-case control study, individual cohort study
B. Individual randomized controlled trials, individual cohort study, single-case control
study
C. All-or-none, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of
randomized controlled trials
D. Outcomes research, individual cohort study, all-or-none
____ 9. What is the downfall feature of the evidence pyramids?
A. As you move up the pyramid, the evidence becomes stronger.
B. The synthesis of the original research should be done by expert researchers.
C. Fewer primary studies exist.
D. Fewer secondary studies exist.
Multiple Response
Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
____ 10. What are examples of evidence-based practice? Select all that apply.
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
, A. Determining what is the best way to measure a client’s body composition
B. Determining the most reliable running program for a college-aged male with high
blood pressure
C. Determining the best way to identify a person with pre-diabetes
D. Determining the preferred strength exercise of a teenager training for a weight-
lifting competition
____ 11. Which of the following are true about critically appraised topics (CATs)? Select all that apply.
A. Critically appraised topics provide a summary of three to five current research
studies looking at the current research on a particular clinical question, as well as
how to apply this research.
B. Critically appraised topics are rigorously reviewed and support higher level
research such as critically appraised papers.
C. Critically appraised topics are usually shorter than a systematic review.
D. A critically appraised topic can be more useful to the practitioner than critically
appraised papers because there is a statement of how to implement the research
into practice.
____ 12. What are the reasons cohort studies cannot establish a true cause-and-effect relationship between the
study variables? Select all that apply.
A. Cohort studies can suffer from participants having recall bias.
B. Cohort studies do not have randomized control and treatment groups.
C. Cohort studies cannot control for extraneous factors, which can potentially affect
the study outcomes.
D. Cohort studies are not as rigorous as experimental studies.
____ 13. What are the reasons why randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are not commonly found in exercise
science and health literature? Select all that apply.
A. RCTs have large-scale research designs.
B. RCTs require a small number of participants in order to ensure the study is done
accurately.
C. RCTs must control for outside influences on outcomes.
D. RCTs can be very expensive to administer.
____ 14. What are examples of measures assessed in outcomes research? Select all that apply.
A. Client’s judgement about own social support network
B. Client’s environmental barriers to activity
C. Client’s diagnosis of high blood pressure
D. Client’s own diagnosis of high blood pressure’s impact on function
____ 15. What are the pros of using expert opinion evidence for your practice? Select all that apply.
A. Expert opinions are usually good summaries of current best practices.
B. Expert opinions are perceived as very useful to practitioners.
C. Expert opinions are created based on complete and high-quality evidence.
D. Expert opinions are often easy to translate into practice.
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
,____ 16. What is the difference between all-or-none studies and case-series studies? Select all that apply.
A. All-or-none studies’ participants must all respond to the treatment.
B. All-or-none studies involve a series of individual study participants.
C. All-or-none studies are quite rigorous.
D. All-or-none studies require a large number of individual subjects to be conclusive.
____ 17. What are the reasons that randomized controlled studies are higher than cohort studies in the
evidence-based pyramid? Select all that apply.
A. Randomized controlled studies are unfiltered information.
B. Randomized controlled studies involve two groups.
C. Randomized controlled studies use a control group.
D. Randomized controlled studies have a treatment as part of the design.
____ 18. What are the reasons secondary studies are considered to provide stronger evidence when compared
with primary studies? Select all that apply.
A. Secondary studies are where researchers recruit and collect the data on the
subjects.
B. Secondary studies synthesize existing original research.
C. Secondary studies are considered filtered information.
D. Secondary studies can be systematic reviews.
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 19. Based on the levels of the evidence pyramid, conducting a systematic review of case-control studies
is better than doing a systematic review of cohort studies.
____ 20. Levels of evidence are used as a quick reference to determine the strength of the research.
____ 21. When trying to decide which is the best flexibility program for a pregnant client, choose the program
based on the evidence from an individual cohort study over that from outcomes research.
____ 22. Outcomes research refers to those studies that focus on measures of disease in patients.
____ 23. Primary studies is an example of filtered information.
____ 24. Cohort studies start with the disease and then look for exposures.
____ 25. Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials are considered higher level evidence because
researchers have control over recruitment of subjects and collection of their data.
____ 26. A critically appraised paper is a professional summary of a single research paper.
____ 27. An example of filtered information is systematic reviews.
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
,____ 28. A unique feature of the strength of taxonomy is that it focuses on disease-oriented evidence.
____ 29. Based on the strength of recommendation, a letter grade is assigned to groups of existing studies that
address an important clinical problem by using patient-oriented measures.
____ 30. Animal studies provide conclusive data because these models usually have a physiological corollary
to humans and can be used for the foundation to build future research.
____ 31. Ecological research, like other forms of epidemiological research, focuses on individuals and disease
rates.
____ 32. Bench research is considered pilot studies for finding promising interventions for human studies.
____ 33. Original research can only be synthesized by researchers.
Other
34. Rank the levels of evidence from the bottom of the pyramid (10) to the top (1).
__________ case-series
__________ all-or-none
__________ outcomes research
__________ systematic review of randomized controlled trials
__________ systematic review of single case-control study
__________ systematic review of cohort studies
__________ individual randomized controlled studies
__________ individual cohort study
__________ single case-control study
__________ expert opinion and bench research
Completion
Complete each statement.
35. A research category that involves individuals receiving the same treatment is called ____________.
36. Physiological evidence and bench research are both a type of ___________.
37. Measures that focus on the qualities or aspects of the disease, are collected by a clinician, and help
with the understanding of the current state of the disease are called ________________.
38. The application of research to a profession is based on the concept of __________________.
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
,39. A cohort study that investigates individuals after they have been exposed to a suspected disease
cause is called ____________.
40. A letter grade assigned to groups of existing studies that address an important clinical problem by
using patient-oriented measures is called _______________________________.
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
,Chapter 1. What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: C
Rationale: Based on the levels of evidence pyramid, the least strong level of research to the strongest
is: expert opinion and bench research, case series, single-case control study, systematic review of
case-control studies, outcomes research, individual cohort study, systematic review of cohort studies,
all-or-none, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of randomized controlled
trials.
PTS: 1
2. ANS: C
Rationale: Cohort studies can provide strong evidence for a causal relationship; however, they
cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
PTS: 1
3. ANS: C
Rationale: A systematic review is defined as a systematic compilation of existing research studies
with the goal of producing the results into one research finding.
PTS: 1
4. ANS: D
Rationale: The main shortcoming of the CAT is that it is not usually thoroughly reviewed.
PTS: 1
5. ANS: C
Rationale: The strength of recommendation taxonomy emphasizes three criteria for groups of
studies: quality, quantity, and consistency.
PTS: 1
6. ANS: C
Rationale: One of the differences between evidence-based practice and evidence-based medicine is
that the former focuses on patient-oriented measures, whereas the latter often focuses on disease-
oriented measures.
PTS: 1
7. ANS: A
Rationale: Systematic reviews are considered filtered, not unfiltered, information.
PTS: 1
8. ANS: B
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
, Rationale: Based on the evidence pyramid, randomized controlled trials are at the top of the pyramid
and the gold standard, followed by individual cohort study, and lastly, single-case control study.
PTS: 1
9. ANS: D
Rationale: The downfall feature of the evidence pyramids is that fewer secondary studies exist.
PTS: 1
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
10. ANS: A, B, C
Rationale: Determining the preferred strength exercise of a teenager training for a weight-lifting
competition is an example of preference and not research applied to practice.
PTS: 1
11. ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: CATs are not necessarily rigorously reviewed like other types of research.
PTS: 1
12. ANS: B, C, D
Rationale: Recall bias is related to participants within a retrospective cohort study and is not directly
related to cause and effect.
PTS: 1
13. ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: While RCTs are the gold standard of research, they typically require many subjects, are
often large-scale designs, usually extend over long periods of time, and can be very expensive.
PTS: 1
14. ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: The diagnosis of high blood pressure is something a physician must make and
traditionally is of more interest to the physician than to the client.
PTS: 1
15. ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: The con of expert opinions are they are not based on complete and high-quality evidence.
PTS: 1
16. ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: Case-series studies and all-or-none studies are similar in that both involve a series of
individual study participants.
PTS: 1
17. ANS: C, D
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
and Exercise A Practitioner's Guide to Using
Research Brent L. Arnold
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
,Chapter 1. What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which of the following shows the correct levels of evidence from the least strong research to the
strongest?
A. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized
controlled trial, all-or-none, systematic review of cohort studies, individual cohort
study, outcome research, systematic review of case-control studies, single-case
control study, case series, expert opinion and bench research
B. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized
controlled trial, systematic review of cohort studies, individual cohort study, all-or-
none, outcome research, systematic review of case-control studies, single-case
control study, case series, expert opinion and bench research
C. Expert opinion and bench research, case series, single-case control study,
systematic review of case-control studies, outcomes research, individual cohort
study, systematic review of cohort studies, all-or-none, individual randomized
controlled trial, systematic review of randomized controlled trials
D. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized
controlled trial, all-or-none, outcomes research, systematic review of cohort
studies, individual cohort study, outcome research, systematic review of case-
control studies, single-case control study, case series, expert opinion and bench
research
____ 2. Which is NOT true about cohort studies?
A. Cohort studies are research designs that do not manipulate a treatment.
B. Cohorts are recruited into the study based on whether individuals have been
exposed to a disease risk factor.
C. Cohort studies can establish a true cause and effect.
D. Cohort studies can be retrospective and prospective.
____ 3. A systematic review is defined as:
A. a systematic compilation of proposed randomized controlled studies to prioritize
which study will provide the highest level of evidence.
B. a systematic compilation of randomized controlled studies to identify a common
outcome.
C. a systematic compilation of existing research studies with the goal of producing the
results into one research finding.
D. a systematic compilation of existing research studies with the goal of producing
one outcome.
____ 4. What is the main shortcoming of a critically appraised topic (CAT) when it comes to levels of
evidence?
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
, A. The critically appraised topic professionally summarizes only one research study.
B. The critically appraised topic focuses on a single clinical question.
C. The critically appraised topic is short and geared toward practitioners.
D. The critically appraised topic is usually not thoroughly reviewed.
____ 5. Which is NOT a criterion that the strength of recommendation taxonomy emphasizes for groups of
studies?
A. Validity
B. Quantity
C. Applicability
D. Reliability
____ 6. How is evidence-based practice different from evidence-based medicine?
A. Evidence-based practice focuses on data, rather than anecdote, intuition, or belief.
B. Evidence-based practice focuses on applying data to practice.
C. Evidence-based practice focuses on patient-oriented measures.
D. Evidence-based practice focuses on systematic reviews for evidence.
____ 7. Which is NOT a reason why a systematic review is the highest sublevel in levels 1, 2, and 3 in the
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine’s evidence pyramid?
A. Systematic reviews are considered unfiltered information.
B. Systematic reviews use existing research studies and compile them into a single
research finding.
C. Systematic reviews often systematically compile and synthesize primary studies.
D. Systematic reviews are considered secondary studies.
____ 8. What is the order from strongest category to least strong category in the levels of the evidence-based
pyramid?
A. Case series, single-case control study, individual cohort study
B. Individual randomized controlled trials, individual cohort study, single-case control
study
C. All-or-none, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of
randomized controlled trials
D. Outcomes research, individual cohort study, all-or-none
____ 9. What is the downfall feature of the evidence pyramids?
A. As you move up the pyramid, the evidence becomes stronger.
B. The synthesis of the original research should be done by expert researchers.
C. Fewer primary studies exist.
D. Fewer secondary studies exist.
Multiple Response
Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
____ 10. What are examples of evidence-based practice? Select all that apply.
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
, A. Determining what is the best way to measure a client’s body composition
B. Determining the most reliable running program for a college-aged male with high
blood pressure
C. Determining the best way to identify a person with pre-diabetes
D. Determining the preferred strength exercise of a teenager training for a weight-
lifting competition
____ 11. Which of the following are true about critically appraised topics (CATs)? Select all that apply.
A. Critically appraised topics provide a summary of three to five current research
studies looking at the current research on a particular clinical question, as well as
how to apply this research.
B. Critically appraised topics are rigorously reviewed and support higher level
research such as critically appraised papers.
C. Critically appraised topics are usually shorter than a systematic review.
D. A critically appraised topic can be more useful to the practitioner than critically
appraised papers because there is a statement of how to implement the research
into practice.
____ 12. What are the reasons cohort studies cannot establish a true cause-and-effect relationship between the
study variables? Select all that apply.
A. Cohort studies can suffer from participants having recall bias.
B. Cohort studies do not have randomized control and treatment groups.
C. Cohort studies cannot control for extraneous factors, which can potentially affect
the study outcomes.
D. Cohort studies are not as rigorous as experimental studies.
____ 13. What are the reasons why randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are not commonly found in exercise
science and health literature? Select all that apply.
A. RCTs have large-scale research designs.
B. RCTs require a small number of participants in order to ensure the study is done
accurately.
C. RCTs must control for outside influences on outcomes.
D. RCTs can be very expensive to administer.
____ 14. What are examples of measures assessed in outcomes research? Select all that apply.
A. Client’s judgement about own social support network
B. Client’s environmental barriers to activity
C. Client’s diagnosis of high blood pressure
D. Client’s own diagnosis of high blood pressure’s impact on function
____ 15. What are the pros of using expert opinion evidence for your practice? Select all that apply.
A. Expert opinions are usually good summaries of current best practices.
B. Expert opinions are perceived as very useful to practitioners.
C. Expert opinions are created based on complete and high-quality evidence.
D. Expert opinions are often easy to translate into practice.
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
,____ 16. What is the difference between all-or-none studies and case-series studies? Select all that apply.
A. All-or-none studies’ participants must all respond to the treatment.
B. All-or-none studies involve a series of individual study participants.
C. All-or-none studies are quite rigorous.
D. All-or-none studies require a large number of individual subjects to be conclusive.
____ 17. What are the reasons that randomized controlled studies are higher than cohort studies in the
evidence-based pyramid? Select all that apply.
A. Randomized controlled studies are unfiltered information.
B. Randomized controlled studies involve two groups.
C. Randomized controlled studies use a control group.
D. Randomized controlled studies have a treatment as part of the design.
____ 18. What are the reasons secondary studies are considered to provide stronger evidence when compared
with primary studies? Select all that apply.
A. Secondary studies are where researchers recruit and collect the data on the
subjects.
B. Secondary studies synthesize existing original research.
C. Secondary studies are considered filtered information.
D. Secondary studies can be systematic reviews.
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 19. Based on the levels of the evidence pyramid, conducting a systematic review of case-control studies
is better than doing a systematic review of cohort studies.
____ 20. Levels of evidence are used as a quick reference to determine the strength of the research.
____ 21. When trying to decide which is the best flexibility program for a pregnant client, choose the program
based on the evidence from an individual cohort study over that from outcomes research.
____ 22. Outcomes research refers to those studies that focus on measures of disease in patients.
____ 23. Primary studies is an example of filtered information.
____ 24. Cohort studies start with the disease and then look for exposures.
____ 25. Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials are considered higher level evidence because
researchers have control over recruitment of subjects and collection of their data.
____ 26. A critically appraised paper is a professional summary of a single research paper.
____ 27. An example of filtered information is systematic reviews.
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
,____ 28. A unique feature of the strength of taxonomy is that it focuses on disease-oriented evidence.
____ 29. Based on the strength of recommendation, a letter grade is assigned to groups of existing studies that
address an important clinical problem by using patient-oriented measures.
____ 30. Animal studies provide conclusive data because these models usually have a physiological corollary
to humans and can be used for the foundation to build future research.
____ 31. Ecological research, like other forms of epidemiological research, focuses on individuals and disease
rates.
____ 32. Bench research is considered pilot studies for finding promising interventions for human studies.
____ 33. Original research can only be synthesized by researchers.
Other
34. Rank the levels of evidence from the bottom of the pyramid (10) to the top (1).
__________ case-series
__________ all-or-none
__________ outcomes research
__________ systematic review of randomized controlled trials
__________ systematic review of single case-control study
__________ systematic review of cohort studies
__________ individual randomized controlled studies
__________ individual cohort study
__________ single case-control study
__________ expert opinion and bench research
Completion
Complete each statement.
35. A research category that involves individuals receiving the same treatment is called ____________.
36. Physiological evidence and bench research are both a type of ___________.
37. Measures that focus on the qualities or aspects of the disease, are collected by a clinician, and help
with the understanding of the current state of the disease are called ________________.
38. The application of research to a profession is based on the concept of __________________.
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
,39. A cohort study that investigates individuals after they have been exposed to a suspected disease
cause is called ____________.
40. A letter grade assigned to groups of existing studies that address an important clinical problem by
using patient-oriented measures is called _______________________________.
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
,Chapter 1. What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: C
Rationale: Based on the levels of evidence pyramid, the least strong level of research to the strongest
is: expert opinion and bench research, case series, single-case control study, systematic review of
case-control studies, outcomes research, individual cohort study, systematic review of cohort studies,
all-or-none, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of randomized controlled
trials.
PTS: 1
2. ANS: C
Rationale: Cohort studies can provide strong evidence for a causal relationship; however, they
cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
PTS: 1
3. ANS: C
Rationale: A systematic review is defined as a systematic compilation of existing research studies
with the goal of producing the results into one research finding.
PTS: 1
4. ANS: D
Rationale: The main shortcoming of the CAT is that it is not usually thoroughly reviewed.
PTS: 1
5. ANS: C
Rationale: The strength of recommendation taxonomy emphasizes three criteria for groups of
studies: quality, quantity, and consistency.
PTS: 1
6. ANS: C
Rationale: One of the differences between evidence-based practice and evidence-based medicine is
that the former focuses on patient-oriented measures, whereas the latter often focuses on disease-
oriented measures.
PTS: 1
7. ANS: A
Rationale: Systematic reviews are considered filtered, not unfiltered, information.
PTS: 1
8. ANS: B
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
, Rationale: Based on the evidence pyramid, randomized controlled trials are at the top of the pyramid
and the gold standard, followed by individual cohort study, and lastly, single-case control study.
PTS: 1
9. ANS: D
Rationale: The downfall feature of the evidence pyramids is that fewer secondary studies exist.
PTS: 1
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
10. ANS: A, B, C
Rationale: Determining the preferred strength exercise of a teenager training for a weight-lifting
competition is an example of preference and not research applied to practice.
PTS: 1
11. ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: CATs are not necessarily rigorously reviewed like other types of research.
PTS: 1
12. ANS: B, C, D
Rationale: Recall bias is related to participants within a retrospective cohort study and is not directly
related to cause and effect.
PTS: 1
13. ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: While RCTs are the gold standard of research, they typically require many subjects, are
often large-scale designs, usually extend over long periods of time, and can be very expensive.
PTS: 1
14. ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: The diagnosis of high blood pressure is something a physician must make and
traditionally is of more interest to the physician than to the client.
PTS: 1
15. ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: The con of expert opinions are they are not based on complete and high-quality evidence.
PTS: 1
16. ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: Case-series studies and all-or-none studies are similar in that both involve a series of
individual study participants.
PTS: 1
17. ANS: C, D
Copyright © 2017 F. A. Davis Company
