,TESTBANK for Foundations of Clinical Research
Applications to Evidence-Based Practice 4th
Edition Leslie G. Portney
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
,Chapter 01
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. What type of research is defined as a structured process of investigating facts and theories and exploring
connections, with the purpose of improving individual and public health?
a. Basic research c. Qualitative research
b. Clinical research d. Evidence-based practice
____ 2. Another name for clinical research is?
a. Applied research c. Evidence-based practice
b. Basic research d. Animal studies
____ 3. Qualitative research is based on which of the following?
a. Social constructivism
b. Logical positivism
c. The scientific method
d. Measurement under standardized conditions
____ 4. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) definition of clinical research includes all of the following
EXCEPT?
a. Patient-oriented research c. Epidemiological studies
b. Health services research d. Bench research
____ 5. The first step of the scientific method is?
a. Designing the study c. Implementing the study
b. Analyzing the data d. Identifying the research question
____ 6. Evidence-based practice relates to which steps of the research process?
a. identification of the research question and design of the study
b. design of the study and implementation of the study
c. implementation of the study and analysis of the data
d. dissemination of the findings and identification of the research question
____ 7. From a research perspective, one can describe the relationship between impairments in body
functions and activity limitations as?
a. Perfect
b. Partial
c. Absent
d. Not dependent of the health condition and contextual factors
____ 8. Members of different professions working together in an integrative fashion is considered what type
of research?
a. Intraprofessional c. Multiprofessional
b. Interprofessional d. Transprofessional
,____ 9. Which of the following study designs is primarily considered an example of exploratory research?
a. Cohort studies c. Descriptive surveys
b. Randomized controlled trials d. Normative research
____ 10. Pragmatic clinical trials are classified as which of the following types of research?
a. Descriptive research c. Exploratory research
b. Explanatory research d. Methodological research
,Chapter 01
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B
Rationale: Clinical research is a structured process of investigating facts and theories and exploring
connections. The purpose of clinical research is related to improving individual and population
health.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 1
2. ANS: A
Rationale: Clinical research is also known as applied research as it has an application to clinical
practice. Basic research and animal studies primarily focus on the study of theories and mechanisms
of disease and treatment. Evidence-based practice utilizes clinical research but is not a form of
research.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 1
3. ANS: A
Rationale: Social constructivism is focused on the belief that all reality is fundamentally social, and therefore
the only way to understand it is through an individual’s experience. Qualitative research focuses on the
investigation of these socially constructed realities through immersion, interviews and observation.
DIF: [Difficulty level] OBJ: 2
4. ANS: D
Rationale: Bench research is also known as basic or preclinical research and includes research
focused on theories and understanding mechanism of disease or treatment. The three-part definition
of clinical research from the NIH includes patient-oriented research, epidemiological and behavioral
studies, and outcomes research and health sciences research.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 1
5. ANS: D
Rationale: The research question needs to be identified through a review of the literature to provide a
rationale of the study to justify why the study needs to be conducted prior to data collection. The
other steps follow the development of the research question.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 3
6. ANS: D
Rationale: Evidence-based practice relates to the use of best evidence along with clinical expertise
and patient values in making clinical decisions. Therefore, evidence-based practice utilizes research
findings which have been disseminated. Utilization of evidence in practice can also relate to the
development of new research questions. The design of the study, implementation of the study and
analysis of the data are important steps in conducting research studies.
, DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3, 4
7. ANS: B
Rationale: A relationship between impairments and activity limitations exists; however, it is often
much less than 100% and is not always a straight line. The strength of the relationship will depend
on the health condition, as well as personal and environmental factors.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5
8. ANS: B
Rationale: Interprofessional research has persons from different professions working together in an
integrative fashion. Multiprofessional research also incorporates persons from different professions
but their work is generally in parallel where each group stays in their own boundaries and works
separately on distinct aspects of the project. Transprofessional research sees a blurring boundary
where one professional may take on the role of a different profession. Intraprofessional research only
incorporates members of one profession.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 6
9. ANS: A
Rationale: Exploratory research is observational in nature and is not used to demonstrate cause and
effect. A cohort study follows a group of participants over time and observes the occurrence of
different outcomes. Surveys and normative studies attempt to describe characteristics of a
population, whereas randomized trials are explanatory or experimental in nature. Randomized trials
attempt to control extraneous variables in order to demonstrate cause and effect.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 7
10. ANS: B
Rationale: Pragmatic trials can be used to demonstrate cause and effect in real world situations. They
are used to demonstrate effectiveness and there is less control as in a randomized trial.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 7
,Chapter 02
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Research that directly takes knowledge from bench to bedside is known as?
a. The scientific method c. Evidence-based practice
b. Basic research d. Translational research
____ 2. A study that attempts to be more generalizable to practice than research settings is known as a(n):
a. Efficacy study c. Randomized trial
b. Effectiveness study d. Translational research
____ 3. Efficacy research utilizes all of the following except?
a. Human subjects c. Broad treatment protocols
b. Random assignment to groups d. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria
____ 4. Which of the following is an example of an efficacy study?
a. Randomized controlled trial c. Clinical effectiveness research
b. Observational research d. Outcomes research
____ 5. A translational research study that translates research evidence to practice is classified in which
translation block?
a. T1 c. T3
b. T2 d. T4
____ 6. A T2 translational study focuses on translation to which of the following blocks?
a. Humans c. Patients
b. Populations d. Practice
____ 7. Comparative effectiveness studies generally include all of the following except?
a. A control group c. Flexible protocols
b. Few exclusion criteria d. Diverse treatment settings
____ 8. Studies that focus on the impact of results of health care practices and interventions are known as?
a. Implementation research c. Efficacy research
b. Outcomes research d. Translational research
____ 9. Which of the following is concerned with studying the methods of how research evidence is adopted
into clinical practice?
a. Implementation research c. Efficacy research
b. Outcomes research d. Translational research
____ 10. Which of the following best describes the use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) in
pragmatic trials?
a. They do not correlate with movement
,b. They measure things that a patient may care about
c. They are not reliable
d. They measure changes in the disease-status
,Chapter 02
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: D
Rationale: Translational research refers to the direct application of scientific discoveries into clinical
practice.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 1
2. ANS: B
Rationale: Effectiveness studies are conducted in real-world conditions as compared to the ideal
conditions of efficacy studies, such as randomized trials. This makes them more generalizable to
clinical practice. Translational research may include both efficacy and effectiveness studies.
DIF: [Difficulty level] OBJ: 2
3. ANS: C
Rationale: Efficacy research will have specific well-defined treatment protocols in order to
investigate a cause and effect relationship. Broad treatment protocols are found more frequently in
effectiveness studies. Although broad treatment protocols may be more reflective of clinical practice,
they may introduce bias in determining if the treatment caused the outcome.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 2,3
4. ANS: A
Rationale: A randomized trial attempts to minimize potential sources of bias and is considered an
efficacy study. The other options are examples of effectiveness studies.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 2
5. ANS: C
Rationale: T3 studies translate evidence to practice to asses if a treatment will work in real-world
conditions. See figure 2-1 for more information.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 4
6. ANS: C
Rationale: A T2 study frequently utilized randomized controlled trials to demonstrate a treatment can
work with patients under ideal-conditions. T1 focuses on translation to humans to show a treatment
can work. A T3 study is concerned with translation to practice and the focus of a T4 study is
populations.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4
, 7. ANS: A
Rationale: A control group is a hallmark of a randomized trial to demonstrate the efficacy of an
intervention. In contrast, comparative effectiveness studies focus on comparing two or more
treatments directly. Comparative effectiveness studies utilize few exclusion criteria, flexible
protocols and diverse treatment settings to make them more generalizable to real-world practice
settings.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5
8. ANS: B
Rationale: Outcomes research is an umbrella term to describe studies that focus on the impact of
results of health care practices and interventions.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 6
9. ANS: A
Rationale: Implementation science is the next step beyond effectiveness research. This type of
research is concerned about how to make things happen in practice by better understanding the
influences of the environment and resources on the uptake of the research into practice.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 7
10. ANS: B
Rationale: Pragmatic trials frequently use patient reported outcome measures because they measure
things a patient would care about such as quality of life and function. These outcomes come directly
from the patient and not from the clinician or a laboratory test. They can have good psychometric
properties and can correlate with objective measures of movement and function.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6, 2, 3
Applications to Evidence-Based Practice 4th
Edition Leslie G. Portney
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
,Chapter 01
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. What type of research is defined as a structured process of investigating facts and theories and exploring
connections, with the purpose of improving individual and public health?
a. Basic research c. Qualitative research
b. Clinical research d. Evidence-based practice
____ 2. Another name for clinical research is?
a. Applied research c. Evidence-based practice
b. Basic research d. Animal studies
____ 3. Qualitative research is based on which of the following?
a. Social constructivism
b. Logical positivism
c. The scientific method
d. Measurement under standardized conditions
____ 4. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) definition of clinical research includes all of the following
EXCEPT?
a. Patient-oriented research c. Epidemiological studies
b. Health services research d. Bench research
____ 5. The first step of the scientific method is?
a. Designing the study c. Implementing the study
b. Analyzing the data d. Identifying the research question
____ 6. Evidence-based practice relates to which steps of the research process?
a. identification of the research question and design of the study
b. design of the study and implementation of the study
c. implementation of the study and analysis of the data
d. dissemination of the findings and identification of the research question
____ 7. From a research perspective, one can describe the relationship between impairments in body
functions and activity limitations as?
a. Perfect
b. Partial
c. Absent
d. Not dependent of the health condition and contextual factors
____ 8. Members of different professions working together in an integrative fashion is considered what type
of research?
a. Intraprofessional c. Multiprofessional
b. Interprofessional d. Transprofessional
,____ 9. Which of the following study designs is primarily considered an example of exploratory research?
a. Cohort studies c. Descriptive surveys
b. Randomized controlled trials d. Normative research
____ 10. Pragmatic clinical trials are classified as which of the following types of research?
a. Descriptive research c. Exploratory research
b. Explanatory research d. Methodological research
,Chapter 01
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B
Rationale: Clinical research is a structured process of investigating facts and theories and exploring
connections. The purpose of clinical research is related to improving individual and population
health.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 1
2. ANS: A
Rationale: Clinical research is also known as applied research as it has an application to clinical
practice. Basic research and animal studies primarily focus on the study of theories and mechanisms
of disease and treatment. Evidence-based practice utilizes clinical research but is not a form of
research.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 1
3. ANS: A
Rationale: Social constructivism is focused on the belief that all reality is fundamentally social, and therefore
the only way to understand it is through an individual’s experience. Qualitative research focuses on the
investigation of these socially constructed realities through immersion, interviews and observation.
DIF: [Difficulty level] OBJ: 2
4. ANS: D
Rationale: Bench research is also known as basic or preclinical research and includes research
focused on theories and understanding mechanism of disease or treatment. The three-part definition
of clinical research from the NIH includes patient-oriented research, epidemiological and behavioral
studies, and outcomes research and health sciences research.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 1
5. ANS: D
Rationale: The research question needs to be identified through a review of the literature to provide a
rationale of the study to justify why the study needs to be conducted prior to data collection. The
other steps follow the development of the research question.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 3
6. ANS: D
Rationale: Evidence-based practice relates to the use of best evidence along with clinical expertise
and patient values in making clinical decisions. Therefore, evidence-based practice utilizes research
findings which have been disseminated. Utilization of evidence in practice can also relate to the
development of new research questions. The design of the study, implementation of the study and
analysis of the data are important steps in conducting research studies.
, DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3, 4
7. ANS: B
Rationale: A relationship between impairments and activity limitations exists; however, it is often
much less than 100% and is not always a straight line. The strength of the relationship will depend
on the health condition, as well as personal and environmental factors.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5
8. ANS: B
Rationale: Interprofessional research has persons from different professions working together in an
integrative fashion. Multiprofessional research also incorporates persons from different professions
but their work is generally in parallel where each group stays in their own boundaries and works
separately on distinct aspects of the project. Transprofessional research sees a blurring boundary
where one professional may take on the role of a different profession. Intraprofessional research only
incorporates members of one profession.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 6
9. ANS: A
Rationale: Exploratory research is observational in nature and is not used to demonstrate cause and
effect. A cohort study follows a group of participants over time and observes the occurrence of
different outcomes. Surveys and normative studies attempt to describe characteristics of a
population, whereas randomized trials are explanatory or experimental in nature. Randomized trials
attempt to control extraneous variables in order to demonstrate cause and effect.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 7
10. ANS: B
Rationale: Pragmatic trials can be used to demonstrate cause and effect in real world situations. They
are used to demonstrate effectiveness and there is less control as in a randomized trial.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 7
,Chapter 02
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Research that directly takes knowledge from bench to bedside is known as?
a. The scientific method c. Evidence-based practice
b. Basic research d. Translational research
____ 2. A study that attempts to be more generalizable to practice than research settings is known as a(n):
a. Efficacy study c. Randomized trial
b. Effectiveness study d. Translational research
____ 3. Efficacy research utilizes all of the following except?
a. Human subjects c. Broad treatment protocols
b. Random assignment to groups d. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria
____ 4. Which of the following is an example of an efficacy study?
a. Randomized controlled trial c. Clinical effectiveness research
b. Observational research d. Outcomes research
____ 5. A translational research study that translates research evidence to practice is classified in which
translation block?
a. T1 c. T3
b. T2 d. T4
____ 6. A T2 translational study focuses on translation to which of the following blocks?
a. Humans c. Patients
b. Populations d. Practice
____ 7. Comparative effectiveness studies generally include all of the following except?
a. A control group c. Flexible protocols
b. Few exclusion criteria d. Diverse treatment settings
____ 8. Studies that focus on the impact of results of health care practices and interventions are known as?
a. Implementation research c. Efficacy research
b. Outcomes research d. Translational research
____ 9. Which of the following is concerned with studying the methods of how research evidence is adopted
into clinical practice?
a. Implementation research c. Efficacy research
b. Outcomes research d. Translational research
____ 10. Which of the following best describes the use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) in
pragmatic trials?
a. They do not correlate with movement
,b. They measure things that a patient may care about
c. They are not reliable
d. They measure changes in the disease-status
,Chapter 02
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: D
Rationale: Translational research refers to the direct application of scientific discoveries into clinical
practice.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 1
2. ANS: B
Rationale: Effectiveness studies are conducted in real-world conditions as compared to the ideal
conditions of efficacy studies, such as randomized trials. This makes them more generalizable to
clinical practice. Translational research may include both efficacy and effectiveness studies.
DIF: [Difficulty level] OBJ: 2
3. ANS: C
Rationale: Efficacy research will have specific well-defined treatment protocols in order to
investigate a cause and effect relationship. Broad treatment protocols are found more frequently in
effectiveness studies. Although broad treatment protocols may be more reflective of clinical practice,
they may introduce bias in determining if the treatment caused the outcome.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 2,3
4. ANS: A
Rationale: A randomized trial attempts to minimize potential sources of bias and is considered an
efficacy study. The other options are examples of effectiveness studies.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 2
5. ANS: C
Rationale: T3 studies translate evidence to practice to asses if a treatment will work in real-world
conditions. See figure 2-1 for more information.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 4
6. ANS: C
Rationale: A T2 study frequently utilized randomized controlled trials to demonstrate a treatment can
work with patients under ideal-conditions. T1 focuses on translation to humans to show a treatment
can work. A T3 study is concerned with translation to practice and the focus of a T4 study is
populations.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4
, 7. ANS: A
Rationale: A control group is a hallmark of a randomized trial to demonstrate the efficacy of an
intervention. In contrast, comparative effectiveness studies focus on comparing two or more
treatments directly. Comparative effectiveness studies utilize few exclusion criteria, flexible
protocols and diverse treatment settings to make them more generalizable to real-world practice
settings.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5
8. ANS: B
Rationale: Outcomes research is an umbrella term to describe studies that focus on the impact of
results of health care practices and interventions.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 6
9. ANS: A
Rationale: Implementation science is the next step beyond effectiveness research. This type of
research is concerned about how to make things happen in practice by better understanding the
influences of the environment and resources on the uptake of the research into practice.
DIF: Easy OBJ: 7
10. ANS: B
Rationale: Pragmatic trials frequently use patient reported outcome measures because they measure
things a patient would care about such as quality of life and function. These outcomes come directly
from the patient and not from the clinician or a laboratory test. They can have good psychometric
properties and can correlate with objective measures of movement and function.
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6, 2, 3
