Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 (ch. 1-5)Questions And Answers

Anatomy - ANS the study of structures of the body Gross anatomy - ANS structures seen with the naked eye regional anatomy - ANS the study of the body by region (upper limb, thorax) systemic anatomy - ANS study of the body by organ system surface anatomy - ANS study of internal structures as they relate to the body's surface microscopic anatomy - ANS uses a micro scope to see structures not visible to the naked eye cytology - ANS the study of cell histology - ANS the study of tissues developmental anatomy - ANS they study of structural changes that occur over a lifespan embryology - ANS the study of embryo and fetal development physiology - ANS study of how the structures work/ function complementarity of structure and function - ANS (form and function are closely related) -Bones are hard- they can support and protect -blood flows in one direction b/c we have valves that prevent back flow of blood levels of structural organization - ANS 1. Chemical level: atoms join together to form molecules(proteins, fats, H2O) lar level: cells are made of molecules 3.Tissue: consists of similar cells (epithelial-skin, lining of the mouth, connective- cartilage, fats, ligaments, muscular- contraction and movement) 4.Organ: consists of different tissue types; carries out specific functions. 5.Organ system: different organs working together to achieve a common goal 6. organism: multiple organ systems working together to promote life Muscular system - ANS Function: Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat. integumentary system - ANS Function: forms the external body coverage and protects deeper tissues from injury. Skeletal system - ANS Bones and joints Function: protects and supports body organs and provides a framework muscles use to cause movement. Forms blood cells and stores minerals. Nervous System - ANS Function: as the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Endocrine System - ANS Function: Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Lymphatic system - ANS Function: Returns fluid leaked from blood vessels to blood; disposes of debris; houses white blood cells; carries out immune responses. cardiovascular system - ANS Function: Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. The heart pumps the blood Respiratory System - ANS Function: keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Digestive System - ANS Function: breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood and are distributed to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Urinary System - ANS Function: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance of the blood. reproductive system - ANS Function: Production of offspring. Structures of both sexes produce sex hormones; male structures produce and deliver sperm; female structures produce eggs and serve as sites for fertilization and development. Necessary life function - ANS What our body does or has to carry out to survive: 1.Maintaining boundaries: separation of external/ internal environments and separating internal structures/ areas 2.Movement: movement of body from point A to B or movement of substances w/in the body 3.Response to stimuli:withdrawal reflex in response to painful stimulus 4.Digestion: breaking down and absorbing nutrients to use in the body. 5.Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. tion: getting rid of wastes 7.Reproduction: producing offspring 8.Growth&development: humans grow in cell # but also cells specialized carry out different tasks Survival needs - ANS What our environment supplies to survive: 1.Nutrients: energy, building blocks for new cells 2.Oxygen 3.Water 4.Normal body temp 5. Normal atmospheric pressure Homeostasis - ANS Variable: low blood sugar levels lus: produces change in variable 2.Receptor: detects change -info sent along the afferent pathways 3.Control center: pancreas secretes glucagon -info sent along the efferent pathway 4.Effector: liver releases glucose in blood Negative feedback - ANS causes a change in the variable opposite the stimulus ( most common) ex: blood pressure, blood sugar, thermoregulation