Anatomy and Physiology Comprehensive Final Exam Rated 100%!!!

Definition of Anatomy - ANS study of organ structures (form) Definition of Physiology - ANS study of organ functions Definition of homeostasis - ANS stable internal state Negative Feedback Mechanism - ANS Returns conditions towards a set-point Maintains homeostasis Definition of matter - ANS has mass and occupies space -States include: solid, liquid, gas Definition of Element - ANS fundamental substance of matter summarized on the periodic table definition of molecule - ANS • Particle consisting of 2 or more elements • Molecule of an element: H2, O2, N2 • Compound: molecule of different atoms: CO2, H2O Bulk Elements - ANS Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Carbon (C), Sulfur (S), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl), Phosphorus (P) trace elements - ANS Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Iodine (I), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Fluorine (F) Proton - ANS (+1 charge)- within nucleus Neutron - ANS (0 charge) - within nucleus electron - ANS (-1 charge)- orbits nucleus in electron shells Cation - ANS positively charged (Na+, Ca2+, K+ Anion - ANS negatively charged (Cl-, PO42-, SO42-) Ionic bond - ANS Oppositely charged atoms attract (eg. NaCl) Covalent bond - ANS atoms share electron Hydrogen bond - ANS weak ionic bond between hydrogen and negative atom Electrolytes - ANS Release ions in water (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-) Acid - ANS releases H+ in water (pH less than 7.0) Base - ANS combines with H+. Many bases release OH- in water (pH greater than 7.0) Neutral - ANS pH = 7.0 inorganic molecules - ANS lack Carbon, Hydrogen, or both e.g. Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Inorganic Salts organic molecules - ANS Most also contain Hydrogen e.g.Amino Acids (proteins) Monosaccharides (Polysaccharides) Nucleotides (nucleic acids) Fatty acids (fats) Cell - ANS basic unit of life parts of a cell - ANS Cell membrane Nucleus (contains chromatin and nucleolus) Cytoplasm (contains organelles and cytosol Cell Membrane Overview - ANS -Semipermeable: allows some substances through but not others -Fluid -Signal Transduction: relays signals into the cell Structure of the Cell Membrane - ANS -Phospholipid Bilayer -Membrane Proteins -Cholesterol Hydrophilic - ANS water loving (exterior) Hydrophobic - ANS water-fearing (middle) Cell membrane is permeable - ANS small non-polar molecules (O2, CO2, steroids) Cell membrane is impermeable - ANS polar molecules and larger molecules Nucleus - ANS -Contains Chromatin -Nucleolus Chromatin - ANS DNA + proteins Forms Chromosomes during mitosis Nucleolus - ANS produces ribosomes Diffusion - ANS •Movement from higher concentration to lower concentration •Substances move down their concentration gradient •Only small non-polar molecules cross membrane by diffusion e.g. O2, CO2, steroids ficilitated diffusion - ANS •Diffusion through a membrane protein •Allows small polar substances across the cell membrane •e.g. ions, glucose Osmosis - ANS •Diffusion of only water across a semipermeable membrane •Water follows salts Isotonic Solution - ANS Net movement=0 Hypertonic Solution - ANS a.Salty solution leaves cells and cell shrinks Hypotonic Solution - ANS a. Dilute Solution b. water enters cells and cell swells c. cell may lyse (burst) Mitosis - ANS Replication of 46 Chromosomes (23 paternal, 23 maternal)